tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7063572155536738452024-03-05T02:34:54.578-08:00Arghya Jana Literature GuideYou will get enough information concerning English and American and Indo-Anglican LiteratureDr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.comBlogger170125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-91879270548527232852018-01-28T08:13:00.003-08:002018-01-28T08:13:21.340-08:00Banalata Sen an analysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banalata Sen was a recurrent theme in Jibanananda's creation
with its richtapestry of imagery. Was there a Banalata Sen? There is no
documentation thatthere was indeed someone by that name in his real life.
Expressions suggestingthe end of time, and the use of words like "darkness
remains" suggest end oflife themes, that were common in Jibanananda's
works related to Banalata Sen,but nothing beyond this is hinted at in these
works.</span></div>
Banalata Sen has found her stands with the best of the lady characters of
the world. She has been ordained with the characters of the solitary reaper,
Lucy, Maria, Phenomenal women and others. Immortal poets like Herman Goering
and William Butler Yeats stands as the primal inspiration to the idea of this
woman. She stands as a hope, a ray of light among the abyss of darkness, a
speck of treasure of happiness in the pool of emptiness. She is the humanity
personified; Banalata is the direction of love that resides in the romanticism
of the ages.<br />
This poem, like all the other poems of Jibananda is in free verse. The great
thing that is to be noticed in this poem is the use of the words. The words are
just like the caves of the caves of Altamira. They are like the engravings of
Michelangelo. They are like the painting of Leonardo da Vinci. Jibanananda has
painted the emptiness with the greatness of the words. The use of the simile
and the metaphor, the oxymoron and the antithesis collaborate to conjure
something that is evergreen and eternal. The structure is simple and the flow
is prolific. There are three stanzas in the poem. Each stanza is of six lines
each. This is a lyrical ballad which has a special kind of Bengali metrical
free verse pattern called the Aksherbritta or Poyar.<br />
The poet here is a lone traveler who is travelling through the time for
thousand years. In fact the meaning can be connoted as he is a traveler
travelling through the fins of time.He says that he has travelled to various
cities. The cities he names are Sinhala or Srilanka of the modern times, Malay
Sagar or the sea of the Malaya which means the mountains. The Indian Ocean of
the modern days. The ocean on whose embankments there reside the greatest of
the empires of the world. He has travelled through the dark ages of Bimbisara
and Asoka. He names these mythological places to depict that he is travelling
the time through the empires and the variety of kingdoms. He had seen the whitish
pale sea of life. Yet he did not find the peace. He got peace at Natore where
he met Banalata Sen.<br />
The poet mentions the name of Natore because Natore was the seat of culture
and heritage of ancient Bengal. After travelling the warring territories of the
world he got the peacefulness in the laps of his motherland where a woman
coaxes his tormented soul and gives him the long desired rest.The poet is
describing the beauty of the girl here. He is a traveler thus had seen a lot of
places all around the world. He demonstrates like a mesmerized person, the
beauty of this girl. He says the hair of this girl was like the dark crevices
of the night. Her face had the beauty of the engravings found at the Shravasti.
The engravings at the Shravasti are famous all through the world! The poet
establishes a direct relation between the two.<br />
He refers to the shipwrecked sailor who finds resort among the cinnamon
islands of Indonesia. He says that he is like that sailor who is far annulated
from his place and is finding for a resort. The girl Bonolota gives him that
resort and peace. Her eyes are compared to the nest of a bird. The bird’s
nest-eyed girl gives the peace and the poet searches for the required serenity
of love in her.He returns to his homeland after the whole day of traversing the
area. The darkness comes in as silently as the dew drops fall. As the birds
return to thrift nests, the day’s breath is eradicated from the wings of the
eagle, and the rivers end all the water taking of the workfolk day. The evening
makes the preparations for another journey. The poet takes rest in the sea of
darkness. He is not lonely now for he has Banalata to coax him always.<br />
Often Jibanananda's Banalata Sen has been compared with <i>To Helen</i> by Edgar
Allan Poe. In a certain sense, <i>Banalata Sen</i> is akin to "To Helen".
However, while Helen's beauty is the central theme in Poe's work, for
Jibanananda, Banalata Sen is merely a framework to hold his anxiety for
apparently endless human existence on earth since primordial time. She has occurred
with various names like <i>Shaymoli</i>, <i>Sobita</i>, <i>Suronjana</i>, etc.
However, one can see that while Poe has ended by appreciating the beauty of a
woman, Jibanananda has gone far deeper and on the landscape of a woman's beauty
has painted the expanse of human existence both in terms of time and
topography, drawing attention to the ephemeral existence of human beings.
Unlike the poetry of many others, Jibanananda's poetry is the result of
filtered interaction between emotions and intellect. In the endless tumultuous
continuum of ‘time’ Banalata Sen is a dot of quietude and tranquillity.
Banalata Sen is a feminine emblem that Jibanananda created in his virtual world
and faced on many occasions with wonder and questions as embodied in different
poems. In sum, although popularly regarded a romantic lyric, the poet’s.<br />
<br />
The time is full of less love and more hatred. Among this emptiness the poem
Banalata Sen teaches us to love. Banalata is the weed of the forest that is
less tended. The poet resorts to love and tranquility in that trivia. This poem
thus speaks against all the ill functions round the world and speaks openly for
love. The Banalata is just the opposite parallel to La Belle Dame Sans Merci of
Keats who eludes the poet from his work. That is the concept of the west.
Banalata is of the orient and thus is equally tender and equally loving.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Banalata Sen’ is perhaps among the
top ten most popular poems in Bengali literature. To me, it is the best love
poem that Bengali literature has got. Jibanananda Das can be compared with the
Romantic poets of English literature for his beautiful description of nature of
Bengal. Unfortunately, he did not receive his due recognition in his lifetime.
Even now, he is a neglected figure to some extent. His place is among the very
best in Bengali literature beside Tagore, Nazrul and Madhusudan.<br />
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-45020954699653741822018-01-28T08:10:00.000-08:002018-01-28T08:10:06.843-08:00Daddy by Sylvia Plath: Critical Analysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1>
<span style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></h1>
"Daddy" is perhaps Sylvia Plath's best-known poem. It has elicited
a variety of distinct reactions, from feminist praise of its unadulterated rage
towards male dominance, to wariness at its usage of Holocaust imagery. It has
been reviewed and criticized by hundreds and hundreds of scholars, and is
upheld as one of the best examples of confessional poetry. This poem is a very
strong expression of resentment against the male domination of women and also
the violence of all kinds for which man is responsible. The speaker expresses
her rage against her 'daddy', but daddy himself is a symbol of male. <br />
<div class="photo">
As well as a symbol of more general agents and forces like
science and reason, violence and war, the German and theirs Hitler, and all
other “inhuman” agents of oppression in the world. The speaker is also a symbol
of female and the creative force, humility, love and humanity in general.</div>
This poem can also be analyzed from a psychological point of view. It is the
outpour of a neurotic anger through the channel of creative art, or poetry. It
is a kind of therapy. The poem is also significant for its assonance, allusion
and images. Though it is slightly autobiographical, the poem must be
interpreted symbolically and psychologically without limiting it to the
poetess’s life and experiences also.<br />
The poem begins with the angry attack on daddy: “you”, “black shoe”, “I have
had to kill you”. The name -calling continues: daddy is a ghostly statue, a
seal, a German, Hitler himself, a man-crushing engine, a tank driver (Panzer
man), a swastika symbol of the Nazi, a devil, a haunting ghost and vampire, and
so on. The speaker has lived for thirty years, poor and white, as in the Nazi
concentration camps of the Second World War. She is not able to breathe or
express her pain. Her tongue is stuck in her jaw, or in the barbell wires. She
is always scared of daddy or the German images of terror. She feels like a Jew
herself. She feels she is crushed under the roller as the Polish were killed by
the German in 1941.<br />
She is afraid of the German language that is obscene and vague. She
remembers the concentration camps like Dachan, Auswitz and Belsen where
thousands of Jews were tortured and killed. She feels she is a descendant of a
gypsy ancestress (ancient mother). She is afraid of the neat mustache like that
of Hitler, and the Aryan eye. The image of a boot in the face comes to her
troubled mind. She thinks her daddy had a brutish (savage) black heart. She
remembers the image of a strict teacher near the blackboard, which is also her
father’s image. She was ten when he died. But she wanted to kill him again, and
throw him out of her mind. She also tried to die herself, but they prevented
her. Then she made an effigy or (model) of him and killed it. She had killed
him and his vampire that drank her blood for seven years. She claims that all
the villagers also hated and still hate him. So, he can go back and die
forever. She calls him a bastard.<br />
The extremity of anger in this poem is not justifiable as something possible
with a normal person in real life. We should understand that this is partly due
to the neurosis that Plath was actually suffering from. Besides, it is
essential to understand from the psychoanalytical point of view, the poem does
not literally express reality alone: it is the relieving anger and frustration,
and an alternative outlet of the neurotic energy in the form of poetic
expression. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the anger as being
directed against the general forces of inhumanity, violence and destruction
only symbolized by ‘daddy’. In fact, Plath’s father loved her very much when
she was a child, before he died when she was only eight. So her death was
always a shock to her. But, while she felt tortured and destitute without her
father, she also felt suppressed by her father’s dominating image. The idea is
mixed and complex. She said, “He was an autocrat… I adored and despaired him,
and I probably wished many times that he were dead”. The poem moves far beyond
the father-daughter team if we read carefully. By a process of association and
surrealism, the protest moves from father to Hitler and then to inhumanity and
oppression. Sylvia Plath also said that “the personal experience is very
important, but…. I believe (poetry) should be relevant to larger things such as
Hiroshima and Dachau and so on.” This means that the frustration and anger
against a dominating father who left her a destitute has here become a starting
point or central symbol for larger issues including Hitler, torture and
inhumanity. The poem is, therefore, also about the victimization of modern war.
The poem is only slightly autobiographical, but it is more general.<br />
The theme of female protest is perhaps the most striking symbolic meaning in
the poem. The female speaker represents the creative force and she is angry
with the destructive forces symbolized by her daddy and the male. But, we
should also see the poem as a psychological poem that allows the speaker to
relieve her neurotic energy through the channel of creativity. The speaker
says, “I’m trough”, meaning “I’m satisfied” at the end. She is relieved. The
allusions of the Second World War are all real. The anger against the German,
soldiers, Hitler and his Nazi party is not too much. The reader will justify
this anger if he tries to imagine the inhumanity of Hitler.<br />
Indeed, it is hard to imagine that any of Sylvia Plath's poems could leave
the reader unmoved. "Daddy" is evidence of her profound talent, part
of which rested in her unabashed confrontation with her personal history and
the traumas of the age in which she lived. That she could write a poem that
encompasses both the personal and historical is clear in "Daddy."<br />
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-34090004634095353422016-01-12T06:41:00.001-08:002016-01-12T06:41:13.577-08:00KEATS’ BEAUTY- SENSE AND SENSUOUSNESS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
John Keats is one of the greatest
Romantic poets and this very assertion, is the last two lines of one of his
poems: ‘’Ode on a Grecian Urn’’. William Wordsworth says, ‘Poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion recollected in Tranquility…’ and Keats
concludes that ‘If Poetry comes not as naturally as leaves to a tree it had
better not come at all.’ Keats’s great odes reveal his view of the relationship
between the soul, eternity, nature, and art.<br />
The Romantic father, Jean Jaques Rosseau established the cult of the individual
and championed the freedom of the human spirit; his famous quote was, ‘’ I felt
before I Thought.’’ Sensibility has remained a core feature of the romantic
era.</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
‘’I never can feel certain of any
truth but from a clear perception of its Beauty’’ this is an excerpt of the
letter Keats wrote to George and Georgiana Keats, he believes the only
certainty of Truth is based and conditioned on his mind perceiving it as
beautiful, he buttresses his point in another letter written to Benjamin Baily;
‘’I am certain of nothing but the holiness of the heart’s affections and the
truth of imagination—what the imagination seizes as beauty must be
truth—whether it existed before or not-for I have the same idea of all our
passions as of love they are all in their sublime, creative of essential
beauty.’’ It is evident that the Keats’ conception of Beauty and Truth is
rooted in the power of imagination which is a major tenet preached and held
with optimum sacredness during the romantic period; the era privileges
imagination over reasoning, the quest for wonder, the supernatural, the law of
the exotic, the rustic life and it is believed that truth must be felt. The
power of Imagination is the bedrock on which Individualism (which the modern
democratic world has its root from) is built upon; Freedom: unchaining the
imagination from the dungeon of received doctrines and giving it expression. To
the romantics, Imagination is supreme and it is the best tool to escape from
the unpleasant and ugly realities of the world. Walter Pater, a late 19th
century critic asserted that the addition of strangeness to beauty is the
essence of Romanticism. In Keats great Odes, he combined intellectual and
emotional sensibility merge in language of great power and beauty. From the
above discussed points, it is thus apt to say that Literary writings are
reflections of the eras or ages in which they are written and a protest against
the preceding age or era.</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
The preface to the second edition of
Lyrical Ballads (1800), by English poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor
Coleridge was also of prime importance as a Manifesto of Literary Romanticism.
The two poets affirmed the importance of feeling and imagination to poetic
creation and disclaimed conventional literary forms and Subjects. Imagination
was praised over Reason, emotions over logic, and Intuition over science; a
pathway for literary works of great sensibility and passion. Keats’ idea of
Truth and Beauty cannot be verified and he himself said he is not concerned
about empiricism; ‘’I have never yet been able to perceive how everything be
known for Truth by Consecutive reasoning, O! For a life of sensation than of
thought’’</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
‘<em>A thing of beauty is a joy for
ever:</em><i><br />
<em>Its loveliness increases; it will never</em><br />
<em>Pass into nothingness; but still will keep</em><br />
<em>A bower quiet for us, and a sleep</em><br />
<em>Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing…’ </em></i><br />
(The opening lines of the poem; Endymion)</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
The above lines support the claim
that the Beauty of Art is imperishable: eternal. Art is a perfect
representation of that which cannot be altered. Aristotle in his poetics
asserts that Art is superior to history; the Truth of history is not eternal
but limited by time, the truth of fiction is unverifiable and the pain of
fiction is painless, Keats asserts that: ‘the poetry of earth is never
dead…from hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead’. A critical view of Keats’
‘’Ode on a Grecian Urn’’ will explicate and justify these claims. Keats is of
the opinion that the classical Greek art is idealistic and captures Greek
virtues; this establishes the basis of the poem. Keats sees beauty in the
Ancient Urn; he uses it to depict the nature of artistic creativity. The
various scenes on the Urn are as old as the Greek empire, yet, it has not lost
it values; the passage of time has not affected it. The Urn is a depiction of
the various aspirations and endeavours of humanity: the unfulfilled dreams,
unending worries, the joyless hours of weariness, the exotic, gilts, the ugly
and the ecstatic facet of life, the great unsolved puzzles and riddles in the
world, the esoteric, zany and the lucid glimpses on earth. The Urn is made a
living art work by the brilliance of poetry rooted in the power of Imagination.
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is well-known that in his “Ode on a Grecian Urn” Keats makes the urn say to
man: “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
Cleanth Brooks has pointed out, “we ordinarily do not expect an urn to speak at
all” (155).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it is only in the poet’s
imagination that the urn is personified and claimed to be able to say anything
to man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, when the urn says
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” it is “telling,” not so much in words as in
what it shows, a generalization which is exemplified by the urn itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The urn, as described in the poem, represents
the eternal, for “when old age shall this generation waste,/Thou shall remain”
(46-47).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When it remains, it will
continue to tell its “flowery tale” and “tease us out of thought/As doth
eternity” (4, 44-45), and its “leaf-fringed legend” will forever haunt about
its shape with boughs that cannot shed leaves, with figures “for ever piping
songs for ever new,” and with lovers “for ever panting, and for ever young” (5,
24, 27), while the streets of the little town in another picture on the urn
“for evermore/Will silent be” (38-39).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the urn with its pictures and figures represents the eternal, it is
like truth or it is a truth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But while
the urn represents truth on the one hand, it nonetheless represents beauty on
the other hand, for it is called not only “still unravished bride of quietness”
and “foster-child of silence and slow time” but also “Attic shape” and “Fair
attitude” with “brede/Of marble men and maidens overwrought,/With forest
branches and the trodden weed” (1-2, 41-42).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The well-wrought urn, in other words, typifies both beauty and truth,
and so it is qualified to tell man that “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”: a
beautiful piece of art like the urn will forever remain, as truth does, to show
us its beauty as well as the truth it contains, though what it contains, just
as the urn does, may be some plain, guessable facts along with some mysterious
details beyond our surmise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keats’s Grecian urn does contain for him truth and beauty (Brooks
21).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Truth and beauty are in fact the
two values Keats lived for.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As we know,
all romantics feel keenly the inevitability of change, the unreliability of
phenomena, and the ephemerality of all things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That is why Shelley says, “Naught may endure but Mutability”
(“Mutability,” 16).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Keats felt even
more keenly the romantic agony brought about by change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His own anticipated short life naturally
accounts largely for this agony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And his
poems, such as “On Seeing the Elgin Marbles,” “When I Have Fears That I May
Cease To Be,” and “Why Did I Laugh Tonight? No Voice Will Tell,” largely
express that agony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Facing the
ephemeral, ever-changing world, romantics naturally aspire after what is
eternal, unchangeable, and immortal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This aspiration is uttered most impressively in Keats’s “Bright Star,
Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
the “still steadfast, still unchangeable” bright star is naturally linkable to
the Platonic idea of Truth as the unchanging Form.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keats, of course, did not actually reach for
the bright star, nor did he seek blindly for the abstract and invisible
Platonic truth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For him, “what the
imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth” and for him “the Imagination may be
compared to Adam’s dream—he awoke and found it truth.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, for Keats, beauty is indeed truth, and
beauty is “seized” by imagination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now,
what Keats’s imagination seizes as beauty (“the truth of imagination” as he
called it) is naturally the poet’s vision, which can be rendered into
poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It follows, then, that poetry is
Keats’s lifelong goal; it is his embodiment of beauty and truth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He tells us his goal in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sleep and Poetry</i>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>O for ten years, that I may overwhelm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Myself in poesy; so I may do the deed</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That my own soul has to itself decreed. (96-98)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He even tells us that he has his regimen of
poetic training: following Virgil, he will first “pass the realm of Flora and
old Pan” and then deal with “the agonies, the strife/Of human hearts” (101,
124-5).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
Keats’s poetic career, there were times of course when he felt that “death is
intenser than verse, fame, and beauty” (“Why Did I Laugh Tonight?” 13-14), that
poesy is not “so sweet as drowsy noon,/And evenings steeped in honeyed indolence”
(“Ode on Indolence,” 36-37), and that “the fancy (i.e., imagination or ‘the
viewless wings of Poesy’) cannot cheat so well/As she is famed to do” (“Ode to
a Nightingale,” 33, 73-74).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nevertheless, Keats is for sure the most purely devoted poet to poetry
and the purest aesthete among the English romantic poets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He seems to be the most wholly immersed in
the dead of truth and beauty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Compared with Keats, Shelley is not so pure an aesthete, for he never
seems to be content with the dead of truth and beauty: he yearns more for
goodness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keats, to be sure, also
concerns himself with ethics, with the realm of goodness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After claiming “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”
at the very beginning of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Endymion</i>, he
does not merely profess that</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Its loveliness increases; it will never</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pass into nothingness; but still will keep</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A bower quiet for us, and a sleep</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(2-5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Keats has in fact gone on to tell us a theory
of the “pleasure thermometer,” a theory on how immortal delight may derive from
“a fellowship with essence,” that is, from purging away mutability from the
things of beauty by fusing ourselves “first sensuously, with the lovely objects
of nature and art, then on a higher level, with other human beings through
‘love and friendship’ and, ultimately, sexual love.”<sup>7</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This content has indeed combined truth
(immortality) with beauty and goodness (love and friendship).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Keats’s chief concern here is with
beauty, not with goodness: the poetic romance of Endymion is told for pleasure,
not for morality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is why Keats says
in the Preface, “I hope I have not in too late a day touched the beautiful
mythology of Greece, and dulled its brightness.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When Keats touched Greek mythology again in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hyperion</i> (1818) or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fall
of Hyperion</i> (1819), he had at first meant to be ethical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He proposed to solve the problem of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unde malum?</i>” (whence and why evil?) in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hyperion</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the answer offered by Oceanus is: “...
‘tis the eternal law/That first in beauty should be first in might” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hyperion</i>, II, 228-9).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Oceanus’ view, Saturn was dethroned not by
blank unreason and injustice, but by a higher excellence in the natural
progressing of things or the stage-by-stage development of time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oceanus’ “first in beauty” (instead of “first
in goodness”) is a phrase picked by Keats, and it betrays Keats’s propensity
for replacing ethical terms with aesthetic ones.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fall of Hyperion</i>, the story has
grown into a dream vision, and it contains an induction somewhat like
Wordsworth’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prelude</i>, involving
the theme of “the growth of a poet’s mind.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the induction, Moneta admonishes the poet to ascend steps and usurp the
height of poetry by becoming one of “those to whom the miseries of the
world/Are misery, and will not let them rest” (148-9), that is, by becoming “a
sage;/A humanist, physician to all men” (189-90).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But this moral tone cannot be sustained by
the story of how Hyperion fell in the course of time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keats’s ethical concern (with the poet’s
social or moral function) somehow fails to go well with his beautiful
mythology, which is primarily aesthetic rather than ethic in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may be part of the reason why the epic
stays unfinished.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keats’s preoccupation with beauty, rather than goodness, is repeatedly
revealed in his letters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have
mentioned that he told Benjamin Bailey (in a letter of November 22, 1817) that
“what the imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth” (Bush 257).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We may recall, too, that to George and Thomas
Keats (in a letter of December 21, 1817) he says, “... with a great poet the
sense of Beauty overcomes every other consideration, or rather obliterates all
consideration” (Bush 261).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is his
preoccupation with beauty, of course, that makes him “hate poetry that has a
palpable design upon us” (letter to John Hamilton Reynolds, February 3, 1818,
in Bush 263).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it is his
preoccupation with beauty, too, that makes him advise Shelley impolitely: “you
might curb your magnanimity and be more of an artist, and ‘load every rift’ of
your subject with ore” (letter to Shelley, August 16, 1820, in Bush 298).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Shelley showed his magnanimity not only in inviting Keats (who was ill)
to come and stay with the Shelleys in Pisa for the winter, but also in his
lifelong fighting for the benefit of mankind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anyone who reads Shelley’s biography is sure to have the impression that
Shelley was indeed a revolutionary before a poet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since his Eton days when from his own
experience “he saw the petty tyranny of schoolmasters and schoolmates as
representative of man’s general inhumanity to man,” he has “dedicated his life
to a war against injustice and oppression” (Abrams et al, 661).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1812, he visited Ireland to engage in
radical pamphleteering and was seen at several political rallies, in his
support for freedom of the press and the extension of equal rights to Catholics
and in his hostility to the coercions of church and state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other years, no matter whether he was in
England or elsewhere on the Continent, Shelley never ceased to speak for the
revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he drowned in 1822, he was collaborating
with Leigh Hunt and Byron on the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Liberal</i>, which, needless to say, was a radical organ free from prosecution
by the British authorities but good to publish their revolutionary ideas for
the good of society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Very little of Keats’s work is manifestly linkable to his contemporary
political or religious status quo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
contrast, very much of Shelley’s work is all too easily connected with his
reactions to the contemporary affairs of church or state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Kenneth Neill Cameron, Shelley
has left us a picture of his social philosophy not in his poetry alone, but
also in his prose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Philosophical View of Reform</i>, Shelley
has expressed his theory of historical evolution: “history is essentially a
struggle between two sets of forces, the forces of liberty and the forces of
despotism” (Cameron 512).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In regard to
the continent of Europe Shelley “felt that the existing despotic governments
could be overthrown only by revolution, and his letters and work show a
constant attention to the development of such movements—in Spain, in Naples, in
Paris, in Greece, as well as in Mexico, South America and Ireland” (Cameron
514).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shelley’s poetry also plainly
shows the same social philosophy:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>John
Keats is a highly respected poet who is well known for his poetry written
during the Romantic period. Keats poetry shows his love for beauty and
perfection. He epitomizes the ideals and passion exhibited in Romantic writers.
Even his untimely death at only age 21 can be deemed romantic in that he never
reached his full potential and left the world full of mystery. His works
include many themes, the main one being that of immortality. Keats often
related objects and animals to human emotions, such as immortality and
melancholy. This can be seen in two of his most famous works, Ode on a Grecian
Urn and Ode to a Nightingale.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ode
on a Grecian Urn is a poem about multiple scenes reflected on an urn. The first
stanza speaks of as scene including a virgin bride who is exceptionally
beautiful and emits such radiance that the viewer of the urn is in rapture just
looking upon her. The second stanza describes another scene on the urn which
depicts a pair of lovers listening to sweet music, however he states that
melodies unheard are sweeter. This is because once a melody is played aloud it
can only disappoint and not compare to what the imagination can dream up. He
goes on to tell his lover that even though they may never kiss he shall not
grieve because her beauty is unaffected by time and will never fade. The third
stanza goes on to discuss the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">surrounding trees that will never
shed their leaves and continue to live on and blossom year after year. He
compares this to a piper who forever learns and passes on beautiful songs and
melodic material. He feels happy that the man and wife with feel the joy of
eternal love and not suffer the pain of mortal love that is bound to end
tragically either by superficial means or separation by death. The fourth
stanza of Ode on a Grecian Urn illustrates yet another scene. This however
emits a vibe of melancholy in comparison to the previous three stanzas by
referring to a cavalcade of people attending a sacrifice. He goes on to say the
streets of the town of which they left will forevermore be empty. The final
stanza of the poem has the speaker reflecting on the urn as a vessel for a
message of eternal greatness. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
timeless meaning the urn portrays is that Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
According to the speaker this is all one needs to know. Keats sees art as
superior to human life or existence. He uses the power of the pen to connect
the spiritual world with the physicality of the urn. Each stanza relates its
scene to immorality in different ways. The first and second stanzas refer to
women who are exceptionally beautiful and will never be affected by time. Their
attractiveness transcends time and can always be looked upon as such. In the
third stanza the speaker reflects on the everlasting love the two lovers on the
urn share and is reminded that he, sadly, will never be able to experience
that. The fourth stanza brings upon the issue that the urn is indeed a piece of
artwork and not living testimony. He cannot speak to the figures on the urn to
figure out where they are going or where they came from. This presents the
aspect that immortality is subject to static objects or intangible ideas. The
urn is viewed as </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">an immortal basin of knowledge since
the images upon the urn are permanent and will be there forever. It, being a
piece of artwork, surpasses the disposable nature of humans and cannot age or
die therefore it continues to transfer the same message to each generation that
studies it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Another
one of Keats poems that thoroughly exhibits the theme of immortality is Ode to
a Nightingale. The poem starts with the speaker talking about being stricken
with grief after listening to the nightingales harmonious song. He feels as
though he has taken a poison to subdue his pain, not from being jealous of the
bird but for being entirely too happy. The speaker is so overwhelmed by the
birds song that his initial joy and happiness turns to irrational sadness. He
continues this feel in the second and third stanzas. He yearns for alcohol to
drown out the intense feelings of sorrow. Thought and reason is presented as
the reason that humans dwell on sadness and death. The speaker cannot separate
the blissful happiness he feels from hearing the song from the rationality that
he will not be able to hear the song forever, which is what he desperately
desires. The third stanza has the speaker longing to fly away into the forest
with the nightingale. The nightingale is immune to human consciousness and is
therefore unaware of the mortality and eventual death human beings are subject
to face. In the fourth stanza the speaker asks the bird to fly away into the
forest, and declares that he shall follow it wherever it goes. He will do this
through the form of poetry. The fifth stanza has the speaker imagining the
world that the nightingale sees. The flowers, trees, and grass are all darkness
to him which further emphasizes the differences between himself and the bird.
In the sixth stanza the speaker describes many occasions when he thought death
would be greater </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">than living his life full of
depression. He goes on to say that now that he has heard the nightingales song
he would be perfectly fine with succumbing to death at that exact moment.
However, since he has ears in vain he would not be able to ear the birds song
any longer and that would be a fate worse than death. The speaker goes as far
as referring to the nightingale as the immortal bird. The bird itself is not
immortal; the beautiful song it sings is considered to everlasting because it
will never die. Emperors and clowns alike have been honored to listen to the
song. The song has been passed down through generations of nightingales and
will continue to do so forevermore. The eighth stanza brings the speaker out of
his trance and back to himself and reality. The bird flies farther and farther
away from him taking with it the beauty of the melodic tune. With the absence
of the bird he cannot determine whether he has been dreaming or was indeed
awake to feel the magnificence of the nightingales song. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the poem Keats uses the birds song to express his feelings of wanting to live
forever. He translates that the song is equivalent to his poetry in that art
transcends life. It can live forever so long as people continue to hear or read
and enjoy it. Art, poetry, and song are portals to escape reality and entertain
thoughts that otherwise would be impossible. Both Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode
to a Nightingale express the idea that art is endlessly renewable and can
change with time, inspiring every person who has the ability to appreciate it.
The urn is a physical representation of immortality while the gales song is a
mental manifestation of the concept of forever.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
Keats was impressed by Spenser
and was, similar to Spenser, an enthusiastic lover of beauty in all its
structures and manifestations. The energy of beauty constitutes his
aestheticism in nature, in woman and in art.</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
‘A
thing of beauty is a joy forever’.</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0in;">
When we consider Keats, “Beauty”
strikes our mind. Keats and Beauty have ended up very nearly synonymous. We
can’t consider Keats without considering Beauty. Beauty is a reflection, it
doesn’t give out its importance effectively. He sees Beauty all around.
Keats made Beauty his object of miracle and appreciation and he turned into the
best writer of Beauty. All the Romantic artists had an energy for one thing or
the other. Wordsworth was the admirer of Nature and Coleridge was an artist of
the heavenly. Shelley remained for standards and Byron loved freedom. With
Keats the energy for Beauty was the best, rather the main thought.</div>
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He composes and distinguishes beauty
with truth. Of all the contemporary writers Keats is a standout amongst the most
inexorably connected with the love of beauty. He was the most energetic lover
of the world as the vocation of delightful pictures and of numerous inventive
relationship of an object or word with an elevated enthusiastic claim. Verse,
as per Keats, ought to be the incarnation of beauty, not a medium for the
declaration of religious or social philosophy. Keats loved ‘the compelling
conceptual thought of Beauty in all things’. He could see Beauty all over the
place and in every object. Beauty seemed to him in different structures and
shapes—in the blossoms and in the mists, in the slopes and rills, in the tune
of a feathered creature and even with a lady, in an incredible book and in the
legends of old. Beauty was there in the bits of stone with carvings consequently.</div>
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For Keats the universe of beauty was
a departure from the dismal and excruciating life or experience. He got away
from the political and social issues of the world into the domain of
imagination. Not at all like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Shelley, he
stayed untouched by progressive hypotheses for the relapse of humankind. His
later lyrics, for example, “Ode to a Nightingale” and “Hyperion” demonstrate an
expanding enthusiasm toward human issues and humankind and on the off chance
that he had existed he would have created a closer contact with reality. He
might by and large be termed as a writer of departure. With him verse existed
not as an instrument of social rebellion nor of philosophical convention
however for the articulation of beauty. He went for communicating beauty for it
purpose. Keats did not like just those things that are excellent as indicated
by the perceived measures. He had profound knowledge to see beauty even in
those things are unfriendly to beauty for normal individuals. He said:</div>
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“I
have loved the principle of beauty in all things.”</div>
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Keats perceives Beauty through his
characteristic and spontaneous application of faculties. He has a phenomenal
sense-observation. He could see objects more seriously than other individuals. He
inferred incredible tasteful joy at the sight of objects of Nature, of a
reasonable face, of the showstoppers, legends old and new. Every minute
uncovered to him a vibe of miracle and pleasure.He determined tasteful pleasure
through his faculties.</div>
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“Where
are the tune of Spring? Ay, where are they?</div>
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Think
not of them, thou hast thy music as well”</div>
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Keats was the last as well as the
absolute best of the Romantics while Scott was just telling stories, and
Wordsworth changing verse or maintaining the ethical law, and Shelley pushing
the outlandish changes and Byron voicing his own particular vanity and the
political measure. Revering beauty like an enthusiast, consummately substance
to compose what was in his own particular heart or to reflect some wonder of the
characteristic world as he saw or imagined it to be, he had the honorable
thought that verse exists for it purpose and endures misfortune by being
dedicated to philosophy or governmental issues. Unengaged love of beauty is one
of the qualities that made Keats extraordinary and that recognized him from his
incredible counterparts. He got a handle on the fundamental unity of beauty and
truth. His ideology did not mean beauty of structure alone. His perfect was the
Greek perfect of beauty internal and outward, the ideal soul of verse and the
ideal structure. Accurately in light of the fact that he held this perfect, he
was free from the wish to lecture. Keats’ initial pieces are to a great extent
concerned with writers, pictures, models or the rustic isolation in which an
artist may nurture his extravagant. His extraordinary tributes have for their
subjects a storied Grecian Urn; a songbird; and the season of pre-winter, to
which he turns from the melodies of spring. The valuation for Beauty in Keats
is through brain or soul.</div>
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As he didn’t live long enough, he
was not equipped to completely outline the incomprehensible scope of his
origination of beauty. Destiny did not provide for him time enough to
completely open the ‘secrets of the heart’ and to light up and put in fitting
viewpoint the incredible battles and issues of human life.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">John Keats is one of
the most dominant romantic poets in English literature. His poetry is full of
sinuousness, imagination, love and beauty which are the essence of romanticism.
But his invocation to love, beauty and art surpass all other romantic poets.
Still now his poetry attracts the readers for its various themes. But the
question is that which is the core theme of his romanticism? Which is the
ultimate truth of his art? This article will try to find out the answer of
these questions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No doubt the essence of
romanticism is found in all literature and the complete expression of the
individual is expressed in all romantic poetry .According to critics art is the
creation of beauty and romantic art gives us the kind of beauty which is
uncommon and mysterious. Romantic poets invoke this beauty and that is why
their poetry is highly subjective, imaginative, exciting, curious, aspiring and
restless. It represents the world of dream and the romantic poets like to
escape from the harsh realities of life to a world of romance and beauty. The
famous poet, John Keats, is considered to be the most romantic of all the
romantic poets as he is the most escapist of all them. He wishes to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Fade far away,
dissolve and quite forget</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The weariness, the
fever and the fret”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">of real life. Keats’s
poetry is the purest poetry in the sense that it is neither political nor
expressing any social significance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keats, like other
romantics, tries to find an escape in the past. The ancient Greeks and the
glory of the middle age attract Keats’s imagination immensely. He is inspired
by the past and rarely writes about the present. The theme of Endymion, Lamia
and Hyperion is classical while the style is romantic. La Belle Dame Sans
Merci, Isabella and the Eve of</span></div>
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<div class="Section2">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">St Agnes are medieval
in origin. So, Keats escapes from the realities of the present to the past. The
themes which we find in Keats’s poetry are highly romantic and most of his
poetry is busy in the quest of beauty. Love, adventure, chivalry, pathos are
also some of his themes. The fear of death runs through some of his poetry and
disappointment in love is still another theme found in his poetry. He loves
nature and his touch transforms everything into beauty. He has a great devotion
to beauty and he finds truth in anything which is beautiful. Beauty is his
religion and this beauty makes him forget everything. To Keats, beauty is
everywhere. So, beauty is the dominant theme and one of the major hallmarks of
Keats’s poetry. Therefore, this paper focuses on Keats’s romanticism which
conveys us the message through his poem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ode to Grecian Urn”
where he says</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beauty is Truth, Truth
Beauty. (49)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But if we study his
poetry with great attention we see that the essence of truth and beauty lie not
in an imaginary world rather in real life. So it is the reevaluation of his
poetry to eliminate the pessimistic approach which leads us to total darkness
and the same time it is not the way of escaping from the realities of life but
find pleasure among the pains of the world with the said target.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the ‘Ode to Grecian
Urn’, the urn is depicted as a beautiful piece of art and according to Keats it
seems as if a legend which is carved on its sides. Keats asks what legend is
meant by the extra ordinary forms of the figures on the urn which has been the
same for centuries. This poem presents the Urn in its mystery and shows what
questions it poses to the poet. The main subject consists of the scenes on the
Urn, not as a casual observer might notice them, but as Keats sees them with
the full force of his imaginative insight into the metaphysical problems which
they raise and their hint of another life different from that which we
ordinarily know. It also relates the experience gained from the Urn to its
special order of reality and answers the questions which the poem has raised.”
(Bowra 135-136)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The urn is a mystery
and Keats shows imagination as superior to reality. As Keats writes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Heard melodies are
sweet, but those unheard</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are sweeter; therefore,
ye soft pipes, play on; (11-12).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">These lines assert that
the unheard music is far sweeter than the music heard. Anything beautiful must
be true which in Keats’s words is</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“What the imagination
creates on Beautiful must be true whether it existed before or not.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But it is universal
that art is permanent while human life is temporary. The urn will be as it is
forever. The leaves of the trees will remain evergreen, neither shedding the
old leaves nor having new leaves. The music will be there forever which we can
never hear-still it is more melodious. The musician creates music unceasingly
without the fear of dying one day. The young lover will always crave for the
love of his maiden. The maiden will always run away and remain beautiful
forever. The lover’s love is unique in the sense that his love is ever fresh
and will never perish. And the maiden will be young throughout her life not to
think of growing old. But the earthly love usually leads to sorrow and
darkness. The love and beauty depicted on the urn is somewhat different from
reality; love in real life gains everything, loses interest, fades and dies;
and beauty is transitory, it leaves the body of a maiden transforming her into
an old woman. Then we find that the poet’s imagination creates a small town
which is empty and silent as all the people are out of town with a priest for
the purpose of sacrificing or for a pious deed. As Brian Stone says, “The
absence of life in the town emph asizes the absence of real life in the urn
itself. The town is doubly dead; it is not pictured on the urn, and its
inhabitants have all left it. If art, as represented by the urn and its
pictures, is the ultimate consolation, it is also death, because it promises no
movement.”(83)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It seems as if the poem
ends here with the touch of death but there is still the fifth and last stanza
of the poem with a new light. The urn will remain as it is generation after
generation and comfort them with its beauty like a friend. The only real thing
is beautiful</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The urn invites mankind
to seek shelter in the eternity of art which lacks the essence of life, though
the soul may take it as its friend to hide from the pain of life. But, according
to Keats, we need to know what truth is and what beautiful is, nothing more is
needed to know. Truth is simple to understand but it is quite tough to define.
Keats’s aphorism is that no truth can be ugly; every truth is beautiful or
pleasant. To Keats it is a great discovery which the urn will teach the mankind
forever. This ode takes us far away from the real world to the world of
eternity and conveys the message that art is superior to nature in the sense
that art is permanent while nature or human life is transitory. The joy of art
is forever while the joy of real life is limited. So an urn, a Grecian urn
greatly inspired Keats to produce such a beautiful poem which definitely
contains the warmth of truth. Bowra says, “The mean ing of this message is
beyond dispute. Mr. Garrod rightly paraphrases it, ‘there is nothing real but
the beautiful and nothing beautiful but the real.’[. ..] Truth is another name
for ultimate reality, and is discovered not by the reasoning mind but by the
imagination.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To Keats, beauty is the
touchstone of truth. He is a worshipper of beauty like the Greeks. The final
message of the urn is beauty is truth and truth is beauty which is all we need
to know.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fade far away,
dissolve, and quite forget</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What thou among the
leaves hast never known,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The weariness, the
fever, and the fret.( 21-23)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The poet doesn’t want
beauty to fade away, so he decides to leave the real world and enter the
beautiful and romantic world of the bird through imagination. He flew to the
world of tranquility on the viewless wings of poetry rather than drinking wine.
He even welcomes death in the charming world of the bird which would be sweeter
than ever. The poet will die but the bird will keep on singing and distribute
the sweetness of its song among those who are alive. One of the greatest
features of romantic poetry is to pass from the world of time to the world of
eternity. And here in this ode, Keats flies to the world of infinity through
the immortal song of the bird but the poem doesn’t deny the sorrows of life
rather it is transmuted into beauty which is a truth. According to Middleton
Murry, “it is a poem of midnight, and sorrow and beauty”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keats wished to fade
far away with the enchanting music but we see that the music itself fades away
and suddenly</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">it
is:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">buried deep</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the next
valley-glades:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">So we have to be in
this world of reality with all the worries and sufferings and search beauty in
everything which is true. We can’t enter the past and even can’t tou ch the
future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keats in his “Ode to
Autumn” describes the season a utumn with a new light, which has its own
beauty, its own music too:</span></div>
</div>
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</span>
<div class="Section4">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page4"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where
are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Think not of them, thou
hast thy music too, - (23-24)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Here the poet looks back
to spring; the sweetness of the season for a moment but immediately comes back
to the present and enjoys the beauty of autumn. His love of nature is fully
exposed in this ode. The search of joy in the present, the isolated beauty of
the hour gives the ode a unique charm. Autumn is not the beginning of winter
rather it is a season of fruitfulness and fulfillment. The critic, Sidney
Colvin says: “In words so transparent and direct we a lmost forget they are
words at all, and nature herself and season seem speaking to us.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ode on Melancholy”
reveals the truth that melancho ly and all that is beautiful, delightful and
joyful live together. If somebody deeply understands beauty, joy or delight,
he’ll be able to grasp the intensity of melancholy. According to Keats,
melancholy is an essential part of beauty because it is from beauty that
melancholy is born. Too deep thought of melancholy destroys the true essence of
it. Brain Stone says,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This poem is a
concentrated expression of Keats’s familiar belief about the necessary
conjunction, for himself as poet, of pleasure and pain, of joy and sorrow,
using analysis of the mood of melancholy as the means. (The Poetry of Keats.85)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The first stanza warns
us against a deep thought of melancholy which may give rise to a dead soul. As
the poet</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">says:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Do not drown your
senses in total forgetfulness, i f you want to feel the full force of
melancholy. By doing so, your soul will become dead and you will not feel any
kind of anguish or pain.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The poet asks not to go
with those who try to seek death. We should not invite such any thing which
with its gloomy and melancholic touch will drown our melancholy too deep
destroying the true sense of melancholy:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">For shade to shade will
come too drowsily,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">And drown the wakeful
anguish of the soul. (9-10)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The second stanza tells
us how to enjoy sadness with deep fulfillment. Melancholy is like a thin layer
in front of our happiness which does not create any darkness. When we are sad,
we should deeply enjoy our sadness by watching the beauty of a morning rose,
the rainbow colors, and flowers, beloved’s angry look, etc. In the third and
the last stanza the poet gives us the real picture of melancholy. Here “She” is
Melancholy itself, which Keats personifies as female. The goddess of Melancholy
and the goddess of Beauty dwell in the same temple:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">She dwells with Beauty
— Beauty that must die; (21)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We know that beauty is
transitory and this feeling makes us sad. Again the goddess of Melancholy and
the god of Joy are dwellers in the same temple. Joy is also short-lived and
while we are experiencing the pleasures of joy, we have the fear of this joy to
be vanished in a short period of time. That’s why the poet rightly wrote the
famous lines:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ay, in the very temple
of Delight</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Veil’d Melancholy has
her Sovran shrine, (25-26)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">One who has tasted
delight; he and he can only enjoy and praise melancholy. The ode is so enriched
by imaginative and intellectual perception that Swinburne (Fraser, 48)
considered it ‘the subtlest in sweetness of thought and feeling’ of all the
odes.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page5"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Through
above discussion of Keats’s famous odes, we can say that whatever is beautiful
must be true; and whatever is true must also be beautiful. Thus beauty and
truth are inseparable. Beauty and truth are two sides of one and the same
thing. Because beauty is a kind of lens or window that gives us a glimpse of a
greater dimension of reality which is true and very much closer to God or the
source of being or meaning where there is no place of escapism rather beauty
lies in the real world of men, not merely in art or in the fairyland of fancy.
Here truth stands for the real and actual world as distinguished from the world
of imagination. Avoidance of reality can’t be the source of beauty. It is not a
way out of all pains. It’s a momentary. It is not the permanent solution of
life. That is why Keats also frequently came back to the real world from that
of imagination. His Nightingale came back to the earth time to time. Short
lived pleasure could not give it ultimate peace and happiness and it can not be
the way of ultimate truth and permanent beauty. Because ultimate truth and
beauty don’t lei in the state of escapism but in the state of reality that he
finally exhibited in his poetry. His aim was at the creation and revelation of
beauty but of beauty wherever its elements existed. And we see these elements
are existed in this world which is full of well and woe and if we want to
ignore it through escaping we will fall upon the thorn of life and it will
bleed us. So it is better to accept the reality of life. So the core of Keats
poetry advocates us not to escape and seek short lived pleasure rather find the
deep truth in the real life which is the core of ultimate beauty and that is
the truth beauty. The hardships of our lives carry the essence of truth where people
should seek the beauty and take everything as beautiful so that we may find the
meaning of truth which will lead us to our death — the ultimate truth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However it can be said
that the word Beauty envisages the lovely things that can be trendy and
cherished by all of us which would give gratification instead of momentary
happiness. Further the truth refers to the plain facts of life which may be
pleasant or unpleasant. But we should have courage to accept them with
equability which is rather difficult. This makes our life beautiful. So if we
closely study his poetry we see that he advocated to beauty and truth in one
side, on the other side he sometimes tried to find out this beauty and truth in
the world of imagination. So beauty, truth, imagination, reality have become
the dominant theme of his poetry. But finally “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”
supersedes all other themes of Keats poetry and according to Keats – “that is
all /Ye know on earth, and all ye n need to know”.</span></div>
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<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sensuousness of Keats</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The term ‘sensuous’ usually refers to
the enjoyment and delights borrowed from the senses. Sensuousness is that
quality which is derived from five senses- sight, hearing, touch, smell and
taste. It is a way of perception through five senses. A sensuous poet uses
those word pictures that help the reader to understand the sights and sounds
expressed or suggested in a poem .John Keats is best known for his use of such
images that appeal to human senses. For this reason, he is often called a
sensuous poet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sensuousness is the
unparallel quality of Keats poetic genius. He is the poet of Sense and their
delight, He gratified that the five human senses- touch, taste, smell, sight
and hearing. He is also a great lover of beauty. His mingling of love with
beauty is become universal with this line:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
thing of Beauty is joy forever.”</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He shows
his strikingness in his entire poetry. ‘The eve of st.Agnes'', the description
of the Gothic window is famous for its strong sensuous appeal. Our sense of
sight and smellare also gratified when the3 poet describe the wintry moon
throwing its lights on Madeline’s fair breast and the rose-bloom falling on her
hands. The short masterpiece, a Bella Dame Sans Meric, has its own sensuous
appeal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Odes, which
represent the great poetic achievement of Keats. The Ode to Psyche contains a
lovely picture of Cupid and Psyche lying in an embrance in the deep grass, in
the midst of flowers of various colours.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The odes, which
represent the great sensuous picture like in Ode on Melancholy, Ode on Grecian
Urn, Ode to Nightingale, Ode to Fancy, Ode to autumn also contain sensuous
picture. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sensuousness
is the paramount quality of Keats’s poetical genius. Keats is pre-eminently the
poet of the senses and their delights. No one has catered to and gratified the
five human senses to the same extent as Keats. He is a great lover of beauty in
the concrete. His religion is the adoration of the beautiful. In this respect
he is a follower of Spenser. “I have loved the principle of Beauty in all
things”, he said. His <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Endymion </span>begins
with the famous line:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“A thing
of beauty is a joy forever.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ode to psyche
contains replete with sensuous pictures of lover cupid and psyche </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Mid hush’d, cool-rooted flowers,
fragment-eyed.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Every beauty that
flowers have scant form stillness, coolness the next colouring is summed up in
the next” the lovers lie with lips that touch not but which have not at the
same time bidden forever. We have more sensuous imagery when Keats describes
the superior beauty of psyche as compared with Venus and Vesper. A little later
in the poem we are given pictures of a forest, mountains, streams, birds,
breezes and dryads lulled to sleep on the moss.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the most
exquisitely sensuous pictures comes exquisitely sensuous picture comes at the
end where we see a bright torch burning in the casement to make it possible for
cupid to enter the temple in order to make love to psyche.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A bright torch and a casement ope at
night, <br />
to let the warm Love in!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
In the <i>Ode on
Melancholy, </i>again, we have several sensuous pictures. There is the
rain failing from a cloud above and reviving the drooping flowers below and
covering the green hill in an “April shroud”. There is the morning rose; there
are the colours produced by the sunlight playing on wet sand; and there is the
wealth of “globed peonies”. And then there is another exquisitely sensuous
picture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,<br />
Imprison her soft hand, and let her rave,<br />
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <i>Ode on a Grecian
Urn </i>contains a series of sensuous pictures—passionate men and gods chasing
reluctant maidens, the flute-players playing their ecstatic music, the fair
youth trying to kiss his beloved, the happy branches of the tree enjoying an
everlasting spring, etc. The ecstasy of the passion of love and of youth is
beautifully depicted in the following lines:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More happy
love! more happy happy love!<br />
For ever warm and still to be
enjoyed, <br />
For ever panting, and for ever young.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <i>Ode to a Nightingale is </i>one of
the finest examples of Keats’s rich sensuousness. The lines in which the poet
expresses of passionate desire for some Provencal wine or the red wine from the
fountain of the Muses appeal to both our senses of smell and taste:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> O, for a
draught of vintage! that hath been<br />
Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth,<br />
Tasting of Flora and the country green, <br />
Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!<br />
O for a beaker full of the warm
South, <br />
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene…….</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These lines bring before us a delightful picture
of Provence with its fun and frolic, merry-making, drinking and
dancing. Similarly the beaker full of the sparkling, blushful Hippocrene is
highly pleasing. Then there is the magnificent picture of the moon shining in
the sky and surrounded by stars. The rich feast of flowers described in the
stanza that follows is one of the outstanding beauties of the poem. Flowers,
soft incense, the fruit trees, the white hawthorn, the eglantine, the
fast-fading violets, the coming musk-rose—all this is a delight for our senses.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <i>Ode to Autumn, </i>the
charm of the season has been described with all its sensuous appeal. The whole
landscape is made to appear fresh and scented. There is great concentration in
each line of the opening stanza. There is a rich texture of sensuous awareness
in the poem and the poet surrenders himself to the mood of the sense.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Season of
mists and mellow fruitfulness,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Close
bosom friend of the maturing sun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each line is like the branch of a fruit tree
laden with fruit to the breaking point. The scenery, the fruits and flowers and
the honey all these appeal to our senses of seeing and the gourds. The hazels
with their kernel, the bees suggesting honey all these appeal for our sense of
taste and smell.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sensuality Rather Than Sensuousness in Some of the Poems</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, Keats always selects the
objects of his description and imagery with a keen eye on their sensuous
appeal. This sensuousness is the principal charm of his poetry. Sometimes this
sensuousness deteriorates into sensuality. In other words, Keats often shows a
tendency to dwell too much upon the charms of the feminine body and refers to
the lips, checks, and breasts a little more than is necessary. In Ode to
Autumn, the traditional form of address is maintained and the whole ode
celebrates the beauty of nature through excellent images. ‘The pictorial
quality of the ode is unequalled stop ford. Its beauty and its the consolation
of the beauty is of the soul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keats’ conception of beauty was not
merely abstract but beauty personified its the objects of nature. He compares a
eulogy of the season autumn with all its peculiar colour, smells, sounds and
the tastes. The sensuousness of the poem depends on the minuteness of detail.
Keats compares autumn to a gleaner and says,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
sometimes like a gleaner thou dust keep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Steady thy
laden head across a brook.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is his sense impressions that
kindled his imagination which makes him realize the great principle that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘Beauty is
truth, truth is beauty.’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keats is more poet of sensuousness
than a poet of contemplation. It is his senses which revealed him the beauty of
things, the beauty of universe from the stars of the sky to the flowers of the
wood. Keats’ pictorial senses are not vague or suggestive but made definite
with the wealth of artistic details. Every stanza, Every line is full with
sensuous beauty. No other poet except Shakespeare could show such a mastery of
language and felicity of sensuousness .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It is this love of beauty which introduces the element
of sensuousness in his poetry. His poetry is richly, abundantly, and
enchantingly sensuous. This is true especially of his early poetry till the
time of the writing of <i>Hyperion </i>and the great odes, but even the odes
contain ample sensuous imagery. However, it will be wrong to say that Keats is
merely sensuous and nothing more. It would be incorrect to say that he
luxuriates in the expression of sensations only and has no thoughts to express.
It would be unfair to say that his passion for beauty is purely sensuous or
sentimental, without an intellectual or spiritual basis.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sensuous Imagery in “The Eve of St. Agnes”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Let us first take stock of the sensuous element in
some of his major poems. <i>The Eve of St. Agnes </i>is replete with sensuous
pictures. The description of the feast spread by Porphyro by the side of his
sleeping mistress is richly sensuous. Candied apple quince, plum, jelly, manna,
dates, appeal to our senses of taste, smell, and Sight not only by their own
natural richness but the associations of the distant countries from which they
come. The picture of the windowpane with its splendid colours is perfect in its
beauty of visual appeal. Even more sensuous are the pictures of the moonlight
falling on Madeline’s fair breast and on other parts of her glorious body. As
Madeline removes the pearls from her hair, “unclasps the jewels” one by one,
and “loosens her bodice”, she looks like “a mermaid in seaweed”. The stanza in
which the poet describes the passionate love-making of Porphyro and Madeline in
the bed-chamber has a richly sensuous appeal. Here sensuousness takes the form
of sensuality which we find in certain other poems also (for instance, in <i>Endymion,
</i>and in the sonnet <i>Bright Star). </i>It is passages like these that gave
rise to the notion of Keats as a poet of sensuous luxury and as a voluptuary of
sensation.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sensuousness in the “Ode to Psyche”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In the <i>Ode
to Psyche, we </i>have the picture of Cupid and Psyche lying in an embrace in
deep grass in the midst of flowers of varied colours. Besides this touch of
sensuality, we get one of the most exquisite pictures in the following two
lines with their admirable felicity of word and phrase:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mid hush’d,
cool-rooted flowers
fragrant-eyed, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Blue, silver-white, and budded
Tyrian </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sensuous Pictures in the “Ode on a Grecian Urn”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The sensuous appeal of this ode is one of its
principal charms. In the <i>Ode on a Grecian Urn, </i>we have the sensuous
pictures of passionate men and gods chasing maidens, flute-players playing
ecstatic music, a handsome young man advancing to kiss his beloved, and so on.
The ecstasy of the sensations of youthful love is depicted in the following
lines:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">More happy
love! more happy, happy love! </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">For ever warm and still to be
enjoyed </span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">For ever panting and for ever young.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sensuous Pictures in the Other Odes</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The <i>Ode to a Nightingale </i>contains lines
expressing an intense desire for a red wine, lines containing a magnificent
picture of the moon shining in the sky with the stars around her, and lines offering
a rich feast of flowers:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">White
hawthorn, and the pastoral
eglantine;
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Fast-fading violets covered up in
leaves; </span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And mid-May’s eldest
child, </span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In the <i>Ode
on Melancholy, </i>we have a delightfully sensuous picture of the mistress
showing “some rich anger” and raving, while the lover holds her hand in his
tight grip and feeds deep upon her peerless eyes. The <i>Ode to Autumn, </i>makes
our mouths water with its delicious fruits in the first stanza.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Intellectual Side of Keats’s Aestheticism</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Critics and
readers have, however, not been slow to recognise the substantiality and the
depth of the major poems of Keats. Cazamian has pointed out mat the
aestheticism of Keats has also an intellectual side. No one has ever reaped
such a rich harvest of thoughts out of the suggestions which life had to offer.
Through reading and a thirst for knowledge, Keats became acquinted with Greece,
paganism, and ancient art. He read the writers of the Renaissance, loved and
cultivated Spenser, Chapman, Fletcher, and Milton. His letters show how closely
the cult of Shakespeare was interwoven with his thinking. From all these
element Keats built for himself a personal store of reflections and ideas.
Keats’s love of beauty is sensuous but it is also idealistic and spiritual.
Even in <i>Endymion, </i>there is a nc4e of mysticism, a sustained allegory;
some of its passages have an obvious symbolic meaning. Endymion’s union with
Cynthia represents the poet’s attainment of the goal of ideal beauty.
Furthermore, Keats did not try to create a paradise of art and beauty divorced
from the cares and interests of the world. His conception of poetry covered the
whole range of life and imagination.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Human Appeal of “The Eve of St Agnes”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Eve of St. Agnes, </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">famous
chiefly for its aesthetic qualities, is not without its human appeal. The
figure of the ancient Beadsman is finely touched. The old nurse Angela, a
“poor, weak, palsy-stricken, churchyard thing”, is still more successfully drawn.
Her debate with Porphyro in her little room is admirably conveyed to us.
Madeline, too, is realistically, though briefly, drawn whether in her meeting
with the nurse on the staircase or when she closes her chamber-door, “panting”
with the candle gone out, or when she wakes up to find her lover beside her.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Intellectual Aspect of “Hyperion”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hyperion </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">was
intended to be a poem of evolution. It aimed at expressing the valuable and
incontrovertible idea that lower forms of life are superseded by higher ones.
The subject of this poem is the dethronement of an older and ruder worship by
one more advanced and humane, in which ideas of ethics and of arts hold a
larger place beside ideas of Nature and her brute powers. In the revised
version of this poem, there are lines which show Keats’s realisation that
poetry must have a realistic and social context:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“None can
usurp this height”, returned that shade, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">“But those to whom the miseries of the
world </span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Are misery, and will not let them rest.”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Almost from
the beginning, Keats had looked beyond the mere sweets of poetry towards</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">a nobler
life </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Where I may find the agonies, the
strife </span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Of human hearts.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Kernel of Keats’s Thinking in the Great Odes of
Keats</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The great
odes contain the kernel of Keats’s thinking. These odes clearly show that if
there is in his work a pre-occupation with sensuous beauty, there is also a
preoccupation with stark reality. In fact, the greatest of these odes represent
the conflict that was, always going on in Keats between the world of beauty and
the world of realty. If he tries to escape into the world of beauty and
reality, it is only to realise that the claims of real life are so strong, as
to hinder the escape. In the <i>Ode to a Nightingale, </i>the poet is keenly aware
of “the weariness, the fever, and the fret” or real life where youth, hearty,
and love are short-lived. In the <i>Ode on a Grecian Urn, </i>the poet cannot
ignore the warmth, passion, vigour, and the turbulence of real life as compared
with the artistic carvings on the urn. The superiority of art over real life is
therefore questionable. The conclusion of the poet is that “beauty is truth,
truth beauty”. In other words, beauty lies in the real world of men, not merely
in art or in the fairyland of fancy. (Of course there are also other
interpretations of this famous line.) In the <i>Ode on Melancholy, </i>the
theme of transiency and permanence and the poet’s conflicting attitudes are
open and central. True melancholy, says the poet, can be tasted only by him who
has a capacity for experiencing the keenest pleasures. Like the rest of Keats’s
odes, this poem is tragic: ‘True melancholy is the ache at the heart of
felicity”. In the <i>Ode to Autumn, </i>Keats again accepts impermanence, but
here he does so without any sadness. Death is recognised in the final stanza of
this poem as something inherent in the course of things, the condition and
price of all fulfilment.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A Combination of the Aesthetic and the Intellectual
Sides</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A critic has neatly summed up Keats’s poetic
achievement. This summing up takes note of both the aesthetic and the
intellectual aspects of his poetry. Says this critic: “Keats’s Shakespearean
or, humanitarian ambitions, his critical and self-critical insights, his acute
awareness of the conditions enveloping the modern poet, his struggles toward a
vision that would comprehend all experience, joy and suffering, the natural and
the ideal, the transient and the eternal—all this made him capable of greater
poetry than he actually wrote, and makes him, more than his fellow romantics,
our contemporary. Though his poetry in general was is some measure limited and
even weakened by the romantic preoccupation with beauty, his finest writing is
not merely beautiful, because he had seen the boredom and the horror as well as
the glory.”</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times","serif";">REFERENCES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bowra,
Maurice. The Romantic Imagination. Oxford University Press: London, 1966. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stone,
Brian. The Poetry of Keats. Penguin critical studies: Penguin Books, 1992. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Byron,
Glennis. John Keats Selected Poems. York Press: London, 2001. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murry,
J.M. Keats, 4<sup>th</sup> ed. New York: Noonday Press, 1995. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O’Neill,
Judith. Reading in literary criticism, 2 <sup>nd</sup> ed. Universal Book
Stall: New Delhi, 1990. </span></div>
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-8884942159827636682015-06-30T08:19:00.000-07:002015-06-30T08:19:11.569-07:00In what respects is the ‘Ode to the West Wind’ a representative poem of Shelley ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> The poem, <i>Ode to the West Wind </i>represents some important
characteristics of Shelley’s poetry. The west wind is the symbol of revolution
with its destructive aspects and creative principle. He implores the west wind
to inspire him with its tameless spirit of that he can destroy the old and the
worn-out and-create a new world based on equality, fraternity and liberty.
Shelley’s revolutionary idealism is best illustrated in the poem.</span><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The poem sounds two important notes of Shelley’s poetry—his
personal despondency and his prophetic vision. He “falls upon the thorns of
life, he bleeds.” He prays to the west wind to lift him as a leaf, a cloud and
a wave. But his faltering accents become trumpet tones when he utters the woes
of man instead of his own sorrows. The tired child becomes a prophet and sings
a mighty song to quicken the sleeping world to a new birth—“O wind ! if Winter
comes, can Spring be far behind.”</span><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Shelley is most vitally with romantic idealism. He gives himself
up to the swelling waves of the wind and mingles his own voice with the mighty
harmonies of the west wind. He makes a magnificent union of himself with nature
and then passes equally to great self-description. He thus mingles Nature and
himself together. Shelley's romanticism is best expressed in his fervent
idealism and in his complete absorption into the spirit of Nature.</span><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Shelley is a lyric poet per excellence. In <i>Ode to the West Wind
</i>we find a harmony that swells like the surge of the mighty west wind. It is
an inspired lyric glowing with the fire of emotion. In it, we see the marriage
of the most exquisite words to the most exquisite harmonies. Its vigorous lines
capture the rush and swell of the wind. Always working with a white heat of
imagination, Shelley pours images, metaphors and similes drawing as much from
the world of imagination as from the real world: “The leaves dead are driven
like ghosts from an enchanter fleeting,” the west wind “is the dirge of the
dying year,” “the breath of Autumn’s being.” These images testify to Shelley's
love of the world of the abstract and the intangible.</span><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The poem testifies to Shelley’s myth-making power. Shelley has the
simplicity and wonder of a primitive man. With the instinctive truths of a
fervid imagination, he creates myths and relations so fitting that he is said
to have imported “Hellenic thought in English”. His myth-making power is
evident when he personifies the west wind as destroyer and preserver, and
describes how the blue Mediterranean is lulled
by the coil of its crystalline streams.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The poem is characterised by solemn grandeur and stately music.
The majestic march of music and rhythm echo the rush and movement of the wind.
Shelley, as Swinburne has said, “is the perfect singing god.” He has brought
new music in English poetry. It is the music of the waves and the winds and the
heavenly music of the planets that he has caught and reproduced with great
skill. The <i>Ode to the West Wind </i>now rings like wild wails from the
forest, now like the sighs on the fitful breeze from the river.</span><span style="font-family: "New Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-25554296657400349332015-06-03T20:33:00.001-07:002015-06-03T20:33:32.611-07:00ON KILLING A TREE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
“Modern man, out of his indiscriminate selfishness dares to uproot Nature
and its very soul” – Evaluate this statement with reference to the poem
“ON KILLING A TREE”.Gieve Patel belongs to the present day generation of Indian
poets writing in English. He is one of those writers who subscribe
themselves to the “Green Peace Movement”. His poems give expression to his
anxiety and bitterness at man’s cruelty to Nature.<br />
Patel’s “On Killing a Tree” is a poem which presents a graphic picture of
the total annihilation of a tree. In the poem the tree symbolizes Nature.
Modern man out of his indiscriminate greed and selfishness roots out
nature and its very spirit. Man’s greed is not quenched by the mere
physical process of killing a <span class="skimlinks-unlinked">tree.Man</span>
realizes that it is not easy to kill a tree because it has grown
slowly consuming the earth and absorbing water, air and sunrise for years.
The mere act of hacking and chopping is not sufficient to kill a tree. The
tree overcomes man’s onslaught by branching off small stems close to the
ground and resumes life and grose again to its former size.<br />
Knowing a tree’s power to come to life again, man decides to pull out the
root of the tree. Like a butcher, he makes several cuts in the tree and
cuts it down. He then cuts it into several convenient pieces. Still his
greed is not quenched. Man is determined not to allow Nature a second
life. He makes a deep cavity on the earth and roots out the tree which
uses anchored safety inside the earth. The earth has so far protected and
fed the tree like a mother. But, the cruel man uproots this <span class="skimlinks-unlinked">safety.After</span> pulling the tree down, the man
further subjects it to various processes of rendering it fit for
commercial purposes. He further tortures the tree by scorching and choking
it in sun and air. He also subjects the tree to various methods such as
browning and hardening. With this, the total killing of the tree is
complete. Man is ensured that the tree has no second life. “And then it is
done” says the speaker triumphantly.<br />
The poet describes mans cruelty to nature with bitter irony and detachment.
But his own sympathy is with Nature. The poem is a telling commentary on
one of the major environmental issues that encounters modern man.<br />
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-9093359686785581332014-09-16T07:30:00.001-07:002014-09-16T07:30:44.200-07:00Comic and Farcical Elements in Waiting for Godot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Music-hall
Comedy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir and Estragon—who call each
other Gogo and Didi—are clearly derived from the pairs of cross-talk comedians
of English music-halls. Their dialogue has the peculiar repetitive quality
of the cross-talk of comedians’ patter:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
long as one knows.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
can bide one’s time.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
One knows what to expect.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No
further need to
worry. <i>(Page 38)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
the parallel to the music-hall and the circus is even explicitly stated:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s
worse than being at the theatre.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
circus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
music-hall.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
circus.
<i>(Page 35)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
accordance with the traditions of the music-hall or the circus, there is an
element of crudely physical humour: Estragon loses his trousers; there is a
prolonged gag involving three hats that are put on and off and handed on in a
sequence of seemingly unending confusion <i>(Pages 71-2); </i>and there is an
abundance of pratfalls (one critic having listed as many as forty-five
stage-directions indicating that one of the characters leaves the upright
position which symbolises the dignity of man.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Comparison
With the Comedians—Laurel and Hardy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to an eminent critic,
Estragon and Vladimir in their bowler hats, one of them marvellously
incompetent, the other an ineffective man of the world devoted to his friend’s
care, greatly resemble the two famous cinema comedians of the 1930s: Stan
Laurel and Oliver Hardy, whose troubles with such things as hats, and boots
were notorious, and whose dialogue was spoken very slowly on the assumption
that the human understanding could not be expected to work at lightning speed.
Those two comedians journeyed, undertook quests, had adventures; their
friendship, tried by fits of irritation and annoyance, never really collapsed.
They seemed not to become older or wiser; they were always in a state of
nervous agitation. Neither of them was especially competent, but Hardy
invariably made a show of being competent. Laurel was defeated by the most
trifling requirements. In one of their pictures occurred the following bit of
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hardy. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Get on the mule.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laurel.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
What ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hardy. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Get on the mule.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
dialogue comes quite close to the following exchange towards the end of
Beckett’s play:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pull on your trousers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
What?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pull on your trousers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You
want me to pull off my trousers?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pull
ON your trousers.
<i>(Page 94)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the same film there was much fuss with Laurel’s boots the holes in which he
patched with rotten meat, thus attracting unwanted dogs. Beckett’s play begins
with Estragon struggling to take off his boots and saying: “Nothing to be
done”. Indeed, insofar as the play has a message, it is more or less contained
in these words: “Nothing to be done”. And yet the two tramps go on <i>doing </i>if
we can use the word “doing” for their activities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boots
At Last Pulled Off</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
also learn that if Estragon has chronic foot trouble, Vladimir has chronic
bladder trouble. The dialogue comes round again to the theme words: “Nothing to
be done”, this time spoken by Vladimir; and, as he speaks, these words, the
action also comes round to where it started, with Estragon by a supreme effort
falsifying the words and managing to pull off his boots. That is one thing
accomplished anyhow.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verbal
Antics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dialogue in <i>Waiting for Godot </i>shows
certain features which are characteristic of Beckett’s manner. One of the
verbal antics employed is the device of cancellation or qualification. On two
occasions, for instance, Vladimir qualifies his admission of ignorance about
the nature of the tree:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
is it?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
don’t know. A
willow.
<i>(Page 14)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Again:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i>(Looking at the tree). </i>What is it?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s
the tree.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes,
but what kind?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
don’t know. A
willow.
<i>(Page 93)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
both occasions, after saying that he does not know what tree it is, he adds-”A
willow”. (A similar hesitation perhaps explains why some of the play’s many
questions terminate in a full-stop rather than a question-mark).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Comic
Misunderstandings</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Much of the dialogue follows the
inconsequential spontaneity of everyday speech in which the different
participants tend to pursue a line of thought independently of one another.
Many comic misunderstandings result from this kind of technique. There is, for
instance, the exchange preceding Lucky’s monologue, where Pozzo asks what he
can do for these honest fellows, the tramps. Estragon would be satisfied with
ten francs, while Vladimir remarks: “We are not beggars” <i>(Page 39). </i>Such
comic misunderstandings are pure vaudeville. Here is another example:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where
are your boots?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
must have thrown them away.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
don’t know.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon
</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Exasperated).
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
don’tknow why I don’t know!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No,
I mean why did you throw them away?
<i>(Page 67)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In such bits of
dialogue time is lost through confusion over the precise meaning of words. “Are
you friends?” blind Pozzo asks in Act II, provoking Estragon to noisy laughter:
“He wants to know if we are friends!” Vladimir mediates here as on other
occasions by pointing out, “No, he means friends of his”
<i>(Page 85)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Music-hall
Cross-talk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dialogue owes a great deal in fact
to the well-established music-hall cross-talk in which two characters—a
“straight” man and a “funny” man—become entangled in complexities. Estragon
tries to explain to Vladimir that since the latter is the heavier of the two he
should logically try hanging himself from the bough first. “If it hangs you
it’ll hang anything”, Estragon concludes. The comedy of this is reinforced when
the initial basis of the argument is itself brought into question. “But am I
heavier than you?” asks Vladimir. Another familiar music-hall joke is that of
mirrored repetition. Both Estragon and Vladimir, for example, almost
simultaneously shake, and look closely into, a favourite object (Vladimir his
hat, and Estragon his boot), and both men exclaim: “Hurts! He wants to know if
it hurts!” within a minute of each other <i>(Pages 10-11). </i>Here is another
bit of comic cross-talk of the music-hall variety.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
we?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
beg your pardon?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
said, And we?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
don’t understand.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where
do we come in?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vladimir.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Come
in?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estragon.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Take
your time.
<i>(Page 19)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another form of music-hall comedy was
the monologue. In this play it is Pozzo who makes use of it, in his discourse
on the twilight which ends gloomily: “That’s how it is on this bitch of an
earth” <i>(Page 38) </i>and also in his speech in Act II about life taking up
but an instant as “they give birth astride of a grave” <i>(Page 89), </i>though
the latter piece is rather sombre. But Vladimir too provides an example in the
comic banter which begins, “Let us not waste our time in idle discourse”, and
proceeds to do just that <i>(Pages 79-80).</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Circus Humour</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The circus is another source of the unique
brand of the humour of <i>Waiting for Godot. </i>(Jean Anouilh compared this
play to the <i>Thoughts of Pascal </i>performed as a comedy sketch for clowns).
The totters, the pratfalls, the tumbles, Estragon’s trouser-dropping,
Vladimir’s clumsy gait, Lucky’s palsy and Pozzo’s cracking of the whip—these
are all lifted straight from the clowning in a circus. The amount of gesture in
a play supposed to be devoid of action is in fact extraordinary. Estragon and
Vladimir, for instance, entertain themselves (and their audience) at one
moment by exchanging hats in a complex routine which leaves Vladimir
significantly in possession of Lucky’s, the source of the slave’s eloquence.
The hats themselves are a direct tribute to the masters of silent-film
comedy—Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton—and their talkie successors—Laurel and
Hardy. All of this—music-hall patter, circus-clowning, and movie costume—is
taken, even down to the round song and the lullaby from the most
popular and elementary forms of entertainment. This is the comedy which resides
in a work unjustly thought of as gloomy and boring. How can a play like this be
dull, if Estragon’s priceless howler (in asking a question answered pages
earlier) is delivered as it should be, with an exact sense of timing? Or if
Pozzo’s words and actions are exploited by an actor with the requisite presence
and physique? Far from weakening the play, a director who brings out its comic
elements accurately enables the play’s serious meditation on the vanity of
human wishes to be made all the more effectively and forcefully.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-28730852683999425302014-09-16T07:29:00.000-07:002014-09-16T07:29:14.910-07:00What, do you think, is the symbolic significance of the Pozzo-Lucky relationship?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Various
Interpretations of Pozzo and Lucky as Symbols</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Various
interpretations of the Pozzo-Lucky relationship and its significance have been
offered by critics. According to one interpretation, these two men represent a
master and a slave. According to other interpretations, Pozzo and Lucky
symbolise the relationship between capital and labour, or between wealth and
the artist. Another view, which seems to be very far-fetched, is that this
relationship has an autobiographical origin, Pozzo representing James Joyce and
Lucky representing Samuel Beckett. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(It
is a well-known fact that, in the initial stages of his literary career,
Beckett was deeply attached to James Joyce and was almost like a disciple to
him.) One of the critics tells us that Pozzo is no other than Godot himself.
According to this view, Godot is God, Pozzo is Godot, Pozzo is therefore God;
and since Pozzo is nothing but a tyrant and a slave-driver, so too is God.
Another critic characterises Pozzo as the God of the Old Testament, the
tyrant-divinity in Act I and the New Testament God, injured, helpless,
crucified, in Act II. On the other extreme from this view is the opinion that
Pozzo is a kind of anti-Godot. It has even been said that Lucky may be Godot.
Yet another view is that Lucky suggests the Biblical figure of Christ.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">One Way
of Getting Through Life with Someone Else</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Thus we have
almost as many interpretations as there are critics. One of the critics says
that, while Pozzo and Lucky may be body and intellect, master and slave,
capitalist and proletarian, coloniser and colonised, Cain and Abel, sadist and
masochist, Joyce and Beckett, they represent essentially, and more simply, one
way of getting through life with someone else, just as Vladimir and Estragon
more sympathetically represent another way of doing so.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">A
Metaphor of Society</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">It is
possible to treat Pozzo and Lucky as representatives of the ordinary world from
which the two tramps are excluded. Pozzo and Lucky create a metaphor of
society, not as it is but as the tramps might see it, with the social structure
reduced to an essential distinction between master and slave. Pozzo appears
all-powerful, dominating the stage by his gestures and his inflated language.
By virtue of his capacity to enjoy sensual delights and his wealth, he reminds
us of a feudal lord, self-consciously magnanimous in his disposal of time and
charity. His is a well-regulated world in contrast to the confusion of the
tramps where everything is in flux. It was Lucky who gave Pozzo what refinement
and culture Pozzo now possesses. But for Lucky, all Pozzo’s thoughts, and all
his feelings would have been of common things. “Beauty, grace, truth of the
first water”—these were originally all beyond Pozzo. But Lucky is now a puppet
who obeys Pozzo’s commands. He dances, sings, recites, and thinks for Pozzo,
and his personal life has been reduced to basic animal reflexes: he cries and
he kicks. But once he was a better dancer and capable of giving his master
moments of great illumination and joy; he was kind, helpful, entertaining,
Pozzo’s good angel. But now he is “killing” Pozzo, or so Pozzo believes.
Lucky’s thinking is now not the rationalist consolation which once it was, but
a total scepticism which illuminates the agony beneath appearances. When he
speaks he is Pozzo’s tormentor; he reminds Pozzo of the reality which it is Pozzo’s
earnest endeavour to avoid. This becomes clear in Lucky’s great speech which
terrifies the hearers because it foretells the extinction of the world. The
change which overtakes Pozzo and Lucky in Act II may be treated as a comment on
the decline of the master-slave society.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Pozzo,
the Egotist and Absolute Monarch</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">There is
another way of approaching this curious pair of characters. Perhaps, in the
portrayal of Pozzo, Beckett has given us a caricature of God, the absolute
monarch. Pozzo is the living symbol of the Establishment. He is an egotist,
full of self-love. He is fond of hearing his own voice and the ready flow of
his rhetoric. The stool which Lucky carries for him is a kind of portable
throne for the monarch. Pozzo’s greatest concern is his dignity. He rebukes the
tramps for asking him a question: “A moment ago you were calling me sir, in
fear and trembling. Now you’re asking me questions. No good will come of this!”
Pozzo’s absolute mastery, his divinely delegated powers, must remain
unchallenged. As to his slave, Pozzo would like to get rid of him, but “the
truth is you can’t drive such creatures away. The best thing would be to kill
them.” One recognises here the tone of a super-lord. In Act II, reduced to a
pitiable condition, Pozzo still calls his servant “pig” and encourages Estragon
“to give him a taste of his boot, in the face and the privates as far as
possible.” Although he himself cries for pity, Pozzo feels no pity for anyone
else. Paradoxically this grotesque man formulates the tragedy of man’s brief
existence on this earth: “One day I went blind, one day we’ll go deaf, one day
we were born, one day we shall die......They give birth astride of a grave, the
light gleams an instant, then it’s night once more.” In Act I, Pozzo becomes
furious on hearing Lucky’s offensive rhetoric. He tramples on Lucky’s hat and
shouts triumphantly: “There’s an end to his thinking!” Tyranny is here firmly
established. In Act II the master is blind, and the slave dumb. The rope which
links the two is shorter, symbolism the increasing dependence of the master on
the servant. Clearly Pozzo has not carried out his original intention of
selling his slave. The two wretched creatures are still joined together, the
result being a monstrous indivisible mass of humanity.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">The
Material and Spiritual Sides of Man; Contrasted Pairs</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">It has often
been said that Pozzo and Lucky are one man. According to this view, they
represent the duality of body and mind; they represent the relationship between
the material and spiritual sides of man, with the intellect subordinate to the
appetites of the body. Estragon and Vladimir have likewise been supposed to
represent one man. If these assumptions are correct, the difference between the
two pairs may be noted. The oneness of Pozzo and Lucky is degrading to both and
is shown as harmful; the connection of the other two is a warm, life-sustaining
relationship. In fact, mere contact with Pozzo has a weakening effect on
others. This shows the demoralising consequences of tyrannical rule. Pozzo and
Lucky belong to a formal world and have an orthodox social relationship:
dominating and being dominated. They are tied to each other not by their
natures but by their external conditions. The slave is tied but the master is
also tied because he must hold the rope. In Act II, this is the rope leading
the blind. Vladimir and Estragon have a different relationship: informal and
outside society; wanting to break away yet still anxiously returning to each
other; a voluntary relationship but with binding natural ties. Thus there is a
major contrast between the Pozzo-Lucky and the Estragon-Vladimir relationship.
Pozzo and Lucky are complementary individuals, as are the other two; but the
relationship between the first two men is on a more primitive level: Pozzo is
the sadist master, Lucky the submissive slave.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">The
Mutual Inter-dependence of Pozzo and Lucky</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Although
Pozzo and Lucky present an obvious and sharp contrast to each other, they have
one thing in common: they are both driven by a desperate attempt to evade panic
which would grip them if they lost their belief in what Pozzo stands for. Pozzo
lives by brief orders which he flings at Lucky. No other will than his own
exists. Lucky, in a way, deserves his name because he has a master who
organises his life for him, cruelly though he may do so. It becomes more and
more evident in the course of the play that Lucky believes that his safety lies
only within the pattern of a mutual sadomasochistic relationship between
himself and Pozzo. (In Act I, Pozzo reveals this mutual torture in one of his
speeches) For this mutual fixation Lucky has sacrificed everything, even his
soul and his creativeness. And he accepts his present abject misery and slavery
as a matter which concerns nobody but Pozzo and himself. When Estragon tries to
wipe away Lucky’s tears after Lucky has received a cruel reproach from Pozzo,
Lucky kicks Estragon in the leg. It would seem that the relationship of master
to slave is of the unbreakable kind. The tyrant strives to make the victim totally
dependent on him, whereas the victim sees the basis of his own security in the
authority of the tyrant. The following opinion is also noteworthy: “The
pozzo-Lucky pair may be compared to the collective pseudo-ego. The two tramps,
on the other hand, reveal features of the lost value hidden in those who have
something above the average, an overplus for which there is no adequate
outlet.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Mankind
Versus Christ</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">There is
also the view that Pozzo represents mankind, and Lucky represents Christ. If
this view is accepted, what takes place before the tramps is the re-acting of
the Redemption. The tramps, of course, do not recognise it as such, find it
unpleasant, and prefer to continue waiting for the mysterious Godot. Another
possible interpretation, already indicated above, is that Pozzo and Lucky
represent human life, Pozzo representing the physical aspect of the human
personality and Lucky the spiritual, which is in time brutalised by the
treatment it receives and is reduced to the incoherence represented by Lucky’s
monologue. Pozzo himself in the course of the play turns blind, this perhaps
being an indication of the transience of human power and domination.</span></span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-19638116712367556302014-09-16T07:24:00.000-07:002014-09-16T07:24:03.407-07:00Post-Colonial Literature in English <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Intro"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></u></b></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: Intro;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">Postcolonial literature</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">
refers to writing from regions of the world that were once colonies of European
powers. The term refers to a very broad swath of writing in many languages, but
the emphasis in this class (in an English department) is on writing in English.
The writers in this course come from quite different backgrounds, including
Africa, South Asia, and the Caribbean, but they struggle with some similar
issues, chief among them being the legacy of colonialism – of European
dominance. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">Postcolonial
literature is of particular importance partly because much of it is
stylistically original and different from earlier European literature, (one
thinks of the number of postcolonial writers who have received prestigious
literary prizes in recent years). But postcolonial writing is also important
because the texts – as <i>literature </i>– have the potential provide
perspectives on the world that are unavailable from textbooks and the
newsmedia. The best postcolonial literature aims to tell good, entertaining
stories while seriously attempting to represent some of the most troubling
conflicts and injustices imaginable.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">Postcolonial writers attempt
to develop their own literary voices in regions of the world that may have been
described in the colonial era as “primitive” or “savage” – where literature and
culture were considered absent or somehow illegitimate. The larger project of
moving past this colonial legacy, what we might call the “decolonization” of
writing, brings up a wide array of themes, each of which we will address in
turn. To begin with, there are issues that affect writing itself, such as
choice of language. Many postcolonial writers choose to write in the languages
of the former colonial power (i.e., English, French, Spanish, Portuguese),
though this can be a source of serious disagreement. Moreover, much
postcolonial writing is highly sensitive to <i>how </i>language is used, and by
whom. There is a serious consideration of the role of dialects, patois – the
intentional, potentially liberatory use of what one African writer calls
“rotten English.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">Relatedly, postcolonial
writers are compelled to find suitable and original <i>shapes </i>in which to
represent their particular cultural experiences and historical perspectives.
The novel-form is a European construct – is it malleable enough to tell the
story of villagers in Zimbabwe, Punjab, or Trinidad? One answer to this
problem, a mode of writing known as <i>magical realism</i>, blends traditional
storytelling practices (some of which may be oral) with western modes of
narration. Salman Rushdie’s <i>Midnight’s Children</i> is one of the best
examples of the deployment of the magical realist style. We will discuss each
of these issues of form as we progress; we will also refer to some critical and
theoretical texts that map out these and other formal concerns. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">In this course literature,
politics, and social theory will be inextricable for the simple reason that the
texts themselves are intensely concerned with social and political problems.
The postcolonial experience has been extremely violent and complex, with new
forms of oppression and violence often replacing the old structures. The past
50 odd years have seen innumerable conflicts around the definition of the
nation in the postcolonial world. Other conflicts have circulated around issues
such as ethnicity, race, religion,<b> </b>and cultural difference. And nearly
everywhere are negotiations of gender and sexuality, which are in the
foreground in virtually everything we will read. Responding to these problems
requires a good deal of particular historical and cultural knowledge relevant
to given issues or struggles, and I will encourage members of the class to
pursue and develop knowledge related to given texts (for example, Sara Suleri’s
<i>Meatless Days </i>might provoke research on the history of Pakistan). </span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";">Finally, we will talk quite
often about <b>diasporization </b>and displacement. Because they often express
ideas that are controversial in their home countries, many postcolonial writers
find themselves in exile, sometimes in the capitals of the former Imperial
regime (a surprising number of the writers in this course currently live in
London). Others are members of immigrant populations who have moved from
postcolonial locales to European and American metropolitan centers, in search
of economic opportunity. Yet others (especially Caribbean writers like Naipaul
and Phillips) are descendents of people who were displaced against their will –
slaves and indentured laborers. As a result of all of these factors,
displacement and exile are central themes in postcolonial writing. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"></span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-8430826111369327922014-09-16T07:19:00.000-07:002014-09-16T07:19:19.808-07:00Tintern Abbey shows the three stages of development in Wordsworth’s attitude to Nature. Discuss. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The first stage
in the development of Wordsworth’s attitude to-Nature was marked by a simple
delight, in freedom and the open air, at the first stage, Wordsworth found
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stage, Wordsworth’s love for Nature was purely physical. Nature now appealed
chiefly to his senses. He felt pleasure in seeing the colours of Nature in
smelling the fragrance of Nature, in touching the objects of Nature and in
hearing the sweet sounds of Nature. The colours and shapes of mountains and
wood to him were an appetite. The noisy waterfall haunted him like a passion.
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at the third stage, Wordsworth’s love for Nature became spiritual and
intellectual. He had now seen the sufferings of mankind and heard “the still,
sad music of humanity.” He now became thoughtful. Therefore, when he looked at
Nature, he was filled with deep thoughts. He now found an inner meaning and a
hidden significance in Nature. The external beauty of Nature he still appreciated;
but it was the inner or hidden significance of Nature which chiefly attracted
him and quickened him into thought. He now found a living presence, or a divine
spirit, in all the objects of Nature. He found that living presence in the
light of the setting sun, in the round ocean, in the blue sky, and in all
things. At this stage, he also realised the educative influence of Nature, and
the power of Nature to mould the human personality and human character. He
looked upon Nature as the nurse, the guide, the guardian of his heart, and the
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-48952027271018418632014-09-16T07:14:00.000-07:002014-09-16T07:14:06.055-07:00'A Renouncing of Love (Farewell, Love)'<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-42961648093585116952014-06-12T08:53:00.001-07:002014-06-12T08:53:37.767-07:00 What are three themes is the story "Thank you Ma'am"?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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themes present in "Thank You, Ma'am" are Forgiveness and Empathy, the
Power of Love and Trust, and Christian Charity.</span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forgiveness
and Empathy :</span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When Roger first snatches the
purse of Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones, she wrestles him and drags
him to her furnished room at the rear of a house. Once insides Mrs. Jones
asks the boy his name and tells him to wash his face in the sink?</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"You
gonna take me to jail?".... </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Not
with that face, I would not take you nowhere," said the woman. "Here
I am trying to get home to cook me a bite to eat and you snatch my pocketbook!
Maybe, you ain’t been to your supper either, late as it be. Have
you?" Perceiving that Roger is neglected and hungry, Mrs. Jones
forgives him and with her motherly nature --"You ought to be my son. I
would teach you right from wrong"--she forgives Roger and cooks him a
meal. She also tells Roger that she, too, has done wrong, and offers him
empathy, "Everybody's got something in common."</span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Power of
Love and Trust: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While she prepares the meal, Mrs.
Jones leaves her purse on the other side of the screen where she cooks.
Roger worries that she may not trust him, so he moves where he hopes she
can see him. "And he did not want to be mistrusted now." And, as
Mrs. Jones talks with Roger, she does not ask him anything about himself
which could be embarrassing.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Christian
Charity: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Despite Roger's attempted
robbery, Mrs. Jones understands his poverty and want. So, she gives him
ten dollars for the purchase of some blue suede shoes with the admonition
to not steal again. Leading him down the hall, she says, "Good night!
Behave yourself, boy!" Stunned by her charity and kindness, Roger
cannot even utter a thank you, so stunned is he by her charity.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-68191133385529524432014-06-12T08:45:00.004-07:002014-06-12T08:45:54.929-07:00Explain the title Thank You, Ma'am.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Roger,
the young boy who tries to steal a purse from the wrong woman in this Langston
Hughes short story, feels shame and regret after he is forced to return to her
home. While there, the large woman, Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones, treats
the boy with respect and gives him a hot meal. She does not question him about
the purse again, but only asks if he wanted the money because he was hungry.
No, the boy tells her; he only wants to buy some blue suede shoes. She tells
him that she, too, has done things for which she is ashamed. Mrs. Jones
gives him $10 to buy the shoes, and shows him the way to the door. As he
leaves, he wishes that he could think of something else to say, but he only
tells her "Thank you, ma'am." Because the woman, who obviously has
little money herself and has to cook a simple meal on a hot plate, is so kind
to the boy, and treats him with dignity, she earns his trust and his
respect--quite a change from how the two first met. It seems an appropriate
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-3311474099052561852014-06-12T08:45:00.000-07:002014-06-12T08:45:00.444-07:00Key facts of “Thank You Ma’am” by James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Harlem Renaissance:</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
<b>Harlem Renaissance</b> was a </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cultural movement</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
that spanned the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "<b>New Negro
Movement</b>", named after the 1925 anthology by </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Locke" title="Alain Locke"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alain Locke</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
The Movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across
the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_%28African_American%29" title="Great Migration (African American)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Great
Migration (African American)</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
of which Harlem was the largest. Though it was centered in the </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Harlem</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
neighborhood of </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">New York City</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
in addition, many </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone" title="Francophone"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">francophone</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paris</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Harlem
became an African-American neighborhood in the early 1900s. In 1910, a large
block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various
African-American realtors and a church group. Many more African–Americans
arrived during the </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">First World War</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Characterizing
the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in
the idea of the </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">New Negro</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could
challenge the pervading </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">racism</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes" title="Stereotypes"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stereotypes</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
to promote </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">progressive</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
or </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist" title="Socialist"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">socialist</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
politics, and </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">racial</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
and </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">social integration</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
The creation of art and literature would serve to "uplift" the race.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jazz poetry:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jazz poetry</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is poetry that "demonstrates
</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jazz</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-like rhythm or the feel of
improvisation".</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_poetry#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
During the 1920s, several poets began to eschew the conventions of </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rhythm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
and </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">style</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;
among these were </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ezra Pound</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">T. S. Eliot</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
and </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._e._cummings" title="E. e. cummings"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">E. Cummings</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
The significance of the simultaneous evolution of poetry and jazz during the
1920s was apparent to many poets of the era, resulting in the merging of the
two art forms into jazz poetry. Jazz poetry has long been something of an
"outsider" art form that exists somewhere outside the mainstream,
having been conceived in the 1920s by African-Americans, maintained in the
1950s by </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">counterculture</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
poets like those of the </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_generation" title="Beat generation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Beat generation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
and adapted in modern times into </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_music" title="Hip-hop music"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hip-hop music</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
and live poetry events known as </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">poetry slams</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Publication: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
story was published in 1958 and is not in the public domain. Although some
sources cite 1933 as the date of publication.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Characters: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
story features two characters; Roger and Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Theme: </span></b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Langston
Hughes' "Thank You, M'am" contains three main themes: <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">love and
trust, forgiveness, and dignity</span></strong>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<br />
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-83481104151705902022014-06-12T08:42:00.000-07:002014-06-12T08:42:03.270-07:00Key facts on “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” by William Wordsworth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></h3>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Date of composition:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>September 3, 1802 ( July 31, 1802 in
another opinion)</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Year of publication:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1807
in “Poems in Two volumes”</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Westminster Bridge<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">:</i></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a bridge in England crossing the
river Thames near Westminster Abbey and leading to the road to Dover.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Occasion of composition:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">While going to Calais, France to pay a
visit to Annette Vallon, (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a French woman whom Wordsworth met in 1791
in France fell in love</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited Annette and Caroline
in Calais. The purpose of the visit was to pave the way for his
forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> on his way from London to Dover,
Wordsworth looked at <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the city of
London from Westminster Bridge. It was early morning (31<sup>st</sup> July
1802) and he was moved by the beauty of the city. He stopped his horse
carriage on the bridge and wrote the poem.</span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Poet’s companion:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorothy, the poet’s sister.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Type of the poem:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>It is a
Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet having 14 lines divided into Octave (first
eight lines) and Sestet (last six lines). The Octave follows the rhyme
scheme abba-abba while the sestet keeps to cdcdcd.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use of Personification:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>The
city of London wears a new garment. The river Thames is gliding on his own
free will. The houses of London are fast asleep.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This city:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city of London.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Garment:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>The beauty of the morning covers the city just as a dress covers
the body.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Domes </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">: <i>The dome of St. Paul’s
Cathedral(built c.604 A.D. and it was </i>designed by the architect
Christopher Wren in1708)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Towers:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tower of London,situated at the North bank of the Thames,built up
towards the end of 1066</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The river:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>The
Thames, a river of Southern England flowing from the Costworlds in
Gloucestershire through London to the North Sea.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Steep:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>to submerge or cover; to radiate; to immerse.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bare ...clothed :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>The city
of London has been described as both ‘bare’ and ‘clothed’. This is a case
of paradox</i>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dear God !</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> : <i>The
poet addresses God out of joy and wonder. It is an exclamation.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mighty heart :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>Huge
heart [Here, the city has been compared to a giant with a huge heart. When
the city is full of commercial activity, it assumes an ugly shape like
that of a giant. It is an example of a metaphor.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The city now doth like a garment wear:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>The city of London here is imagined as a fair lady. The
poet imagines that the city wears a garment. It is a grand example of
simile.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The very houses seem asleep:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Here, houses are personified as
‘asleep’. The houses are asleep for the members are sleeping. So the
houses are calm and tranquill.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The river glideth at his own sweet will:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, the river
Thames is personified, for as if he is in charge of his own movement.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his first splendor:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Here, the sun is personified. The sun
is shining in its full radiance.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Never did the sun more beautifully steep</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> :<i> It is an example of metaphor to emphasise how
attractive the sunlight is. He wants to show how everything in the city is
immersed in sunlight. As a result, the city of London is glowing in its
radiating beauty.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Earth has not anything to show more fair</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">: <i>It is an example of hyperbole. Here we find Wordsworth
exault in ecstasy.</i></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N.B: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">London during the workday was rude and dirty.
A walk across a bridge or through streets and alleyways confronted the
pedestrian with smoke, dust, grimy urchins, clacking carts, ringing hammers,
barking dogs, jostling shoppers, smelly fish, rotting fruit. But at dawn on a
cloudless morning, when London was still asleep and the fires of factories had
yet to be stoked, the city joined with nature to present the early riser a
tableau of glistening waters, majestic towers, unpeopled boats on the River
Thames--bobbing and swaying--and the glory of empty, silent streets. The
message here is that even an ugly, quacking duckling can become a lovely,
soundless swan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-86539122624711235962014-03-21T08:49:00.002-07:002014-03-21T08:52:08.138-07:00 Nominalized Verbs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="144e48d7384e0d52_1"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></a> </div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Nominalization</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"> is the
process of producing a noun from another part of speech. This post is about
nouns formed from verbs. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Gerunds</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
The least-disguised nominalized verb is the <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">gerund</span></i>:
the present participle form of the verb used as a noun: </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Hiking</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"> can be arduous.<br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Writing</span></i> is not for
sissies.<br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Loitering</span></i> is not
permitted.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Agent Nouns</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
Many nouns that end in <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-or</span></i>
are derived from verbs; they denote the actor or agent of the verb from which
they come:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">actor: one who acts<br />
inventor: one who invents<br />
sculptor: one who sculpts<br />
governor: one who governs<br />
translator: one who translates</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Note: The verbs in many <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-or</span></i> agent nouns are not
immediately recognizable because they correspond to Latin verbs, not English.
For example, the <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">rec-</span></i>
in <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">rector</span></i> is from
the past participial stem of <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">regere</span></i>,
“to rule.” In modern usage, a rector is a member of the Anglican clergy who has
charge of a parish. Historically, a rector was a ruler or governor with
temporal powers.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The suffix <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-er</span></i>
also forms agent nouns: <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">writer</span></i>,
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">worker</span></i>, <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">employer</span></i>, <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">dancer</span></i>. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The suffixes <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-or</span></i>
and <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-er</span></i> can also
refer to things that perform a particular function: <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">tiller</span></i>, <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">typewriter</span></i>,
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">projector</span></i>. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Recipient Nouns</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
The suffix <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ee</span></i> is
used in legal terminology to indicate the passive party in a legal transaction:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">legatee: the person who is to receive a legacy<br />
payee: the person who has the right to be paid</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ee</span></i>
suffix is an adaptation of the <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">é</span></i>
of certain Anglo-Norman past participles. The suffix has crept from legalese
into general use. Some <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ee</span></i>
forms do not jar: </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">employee: one who is employed<br />
evacuee: one who is evacuated<br />
parolee: one who is paroled</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Others, however, sound silly: </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">tutee: one who is tutored<br />
awardee: one who is awarded something<br />
kidnapee: one who is kidnapped</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Other Nominalized Verbs Formed
with Suffixes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
Other suffixes that transform verbs into nouns are: <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-tion</span></i>, <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-sion</span></i>,
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ment</span></i>, <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ence</span></i>, and <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ance</span></i>:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">information, from “to inform”<br />
investigation, from “to investigate”<br />
collision, from “to collide”<br />
agreement, from “to agree”<br />
refusal, from “to refuse”<br />
acceptance, from “to accept”<br />
conference, from “to confer”<br />
failure, from “to fail”</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Zero-change Nominalization</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
Some verbs can be used as nouns without the addition of a suffix:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Murder</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"> will out.<br />
Put this money to good <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">use</span></i>.<br />
Most people dislike <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">change</span></i>.
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Sometimes the verb and noun differ in
pronunciation. For example, the noun <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">progress</span></i>
is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable; the verb <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">progress</span></i> is pronounced with
the stress on the second syllable.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Use Nominalized Verbs with Care</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><br />
Several articles in the DWT archives refer to “smothered verbs,” referring to
nominalized verbs that contribute to a stodgy style of writing.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Overuse of nominalized verbs, especially those
ending in <i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-tion</span></i> and
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-ment</span></i>, contribute
to a wordy, stodgy style. For example, </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The companies reached an agreement to build in
the neighborhood. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Voters had a negative reaction to the new law. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">There’s nothing grammatically wrong with these
sentences, but they can be improved stylistically by rewriting them to
eliminate the nominalization and simply use the verb from which it comes:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The companies agreed to build in the
neighborhood.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Voters reacted negatively to the new law. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 140%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 140%;">The ability to form nouns from verbs by adding a
suffix contributes to the marvelous flexibility of English, but–like all good
things–it should be used in moderation.</span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-60352396945053576432013-07-22T08:14:00.003-07:002013-07-22T08:14:42.973-07:00Beowulf<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Beowulf is a primary epic. It arose out of an oral
tradition like Iliad and it is not literary in origin. Beowulf embodies the
general characteristics of an epic in its special way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As all epic
poems are expected to be, Beowulf is a record of the national life of the
period depicted in it but only to a limited extent. At best, we can say that Beowulf is a record but a mutilated one of the ancient Teutonic life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Beowulf,
characterization is broad and bold as is found in all epics. Beowulf has his
love of glory, iron resolution, fearlessness, loyalty and dutifulness which are
not shaken even he has the presentiment of his own doom in his last adventure.
He has been described as ‘a king of the world of men, the middlest to his
people, the most kindly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and gentle and
most eager for praise.’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beowulf is
heroic in spirit, chivalrous in content and humanistic in appeal. The poem
celebrates of Beowulf, a Teutonic tribal lord who devote himself to the worthy
cause of protecting the weak against the wicked. Beowulf fights and saves the
weak and innocent people against the monsters and the dragon of his land:
‘Death is better for all earls than a shameful life.’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The whole
theme is inspired with heroic idealism and bears the magnificence of epic
poetry in its story and spirit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The style
of the poem is elaborated and exalted in a way which embodies the spirit of its
heroic subject. Here abstract expressions are all avoided. Phrases are all
concrete. The ship is ‘The foamy-necked floater’, Grendel mother is ‘The sea
wolf of the depths’. The richness and vividness of details, the profusion of
adjectives, the short and vigorous speeches—all these have contributed to the
excellence of Beowulf as an epic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beowulf has
no unity of action. It consists of two distinct narratives which are detached
from each other. Secondly, the action of Beowulf has no entirety or
completeness. Thirdly, the length of Beowulf is inconsiderable. So it cannot be
called an epic in the proper sense of the term.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To a modern
reader, the importance of Beowulf lies neither in its epic grandeur, nor in its
technical superiority. Beowulf standout for one specific quality and this is
the social picture that it presents. Truly speaking, Beowulf records the mode
of living of primitive people with all thin ideas, rituals and customs. Here,
it attains the height of a social epic of the primitive Teutonic people. It
bears out the heroic tradition and spirit of a remote Pagan age. Beowulf the
hero of the poem appears brightly with his gallantry, nobleness and
unhesitating sacrifice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beowulf is
a non-christian work of the per-christian time and as such, it is often found
animated with certain pagan ideals of life. One such ideals is the spirit of
revenge. Revenge is a kind of wild justice and that was the very motive of Teutonic life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even the
somber Teutonic outlook on life is clearly perceived in the work. There is
hardly any genuine gaiety in this outlook. Life appears as a grave, hard
business and a sense of melancholy rings all through. The overwhelming power of
fate against which man is powerless, is presented with a stocial philosophy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Primitive
Teutonic life was simple, straight forward and rather sincere. To fight
vigorously, to eat and drink voraciously, to find comfort in music after hard
toil and to sleep peacefully and profoundly constituted the essence of this
social life and Beowulf is a perfect specimen of the primitive world in this
respect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Again, Teutonic people had their own way of pastimes and merry-making. Hunting,
swimming were some of the popular sports of the primitive world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The epic
also brings out subtle the artistic attitude of the primitive people. The intellectual pleasure. Sought by primitive people in poetry and music is well
indicated in the epic. The dirge, sung in honour of the dead is characteristically
primitive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Though
Biblical elements abound and Christian elements are incorporated in the poem,
the background of Beowulf is distinctly heathen and its philosophy markedly
pagan. Pagan elements are found in the love of war, deep-rooted belief in heathen customs and ceremonies as shown in the description of the funeral of
the heroes. Pagan element is also evident in the descriptions of feats and halls
and in the belief in the inscrutable fate. The dead are cremated, omens are
observed, sacrifices are vowed at the temple of idols.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;">The praise of worldly glory, the theme of blood, vengeance are the proof to a heathen past. Thus, Beowulf is clearly a heathen
work which has undergone revisions by Christian minstrels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Christian
elements vary in the different episodes of the poem and are evenly distributed
between the speeches and narratives. There are portions which are probably
later substituted for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>passages
originally heathen in character by the Christian compiler of the poem. However,
the Christian ways, institutions rituals and simple Christian faith in
providence. There are no allusions of Biblical characters except the character
of Cain. In the poem, there are many references to Christianity. Hrothgar’s
minstrel sings a religious poem about the creation, yet Beowulf is cremated
with pagan ceremonies. Though there are no references to Christ, the Cross,
angels and saints, the flood, deluge and Satan are mentioned.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
atmosphere of the poem and the outlook on life embodied in Beowulf show a
curious fusion of the pagan and Christian elements. Atmosphere of gloom and
horror and mysterious night and references to such sinister place, as swamps
where the dragons inhabit are the combined production of sad northern landscape
and the gloomy imagination of the Pagan poets. But the impression of
nothingness of life and glory is not wholly pagan.</span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-30092655210599614402013-07-22T08:06:00.002-07:002013-07-22T08:06:37.590-07:00Write a note of symbolism in The Ox<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Symbolism implies a deeper sense,
underneath a plain external account. The writer achieves manifold purposes by
using symbols. It helps to build up the theme according to the complexity of
the subject. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘</b>The Ox’ symbolizes the
beast of burden and in the short story <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘</b>The
Ox’, it symbolizes the painstaking life of Mrs Thurlow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">From the
very beginning of the short story the author has not failed to show the
analogue of the ox in Mrs Thurlow’s physical feature--- she had a bulky and
rather robust body, with her flat, heavy feet, that ‘pounded painfully’ along
‘under mud-stained skirts’. Her face and body looked unseemly with her lumpy
angle of bone. She is appeared as ‘a beast of burden’. Moreover, when she works
in the field-to plant and pick potatoes and peas, to dig for cabbages and
roots, she pinned up her skirt on the back that seemed to be ‘a thick stiff,
tail’. She appears like ‘some bonny ox. Mrs Thurlow has a bicycle which is
never ridden. It remains always well-loaded, and she walks beside it like an
ox. Her relation to this cycle reminds the relation of an ox to cart.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She is nothing exceptional or remarkable.
She is very poor and her life is one of her struggle and ceaselessly drudgery.
Though not a beast she had the living of a beast. Like an ox she works steadily
and meticulously. Despite the strain of her daily duty she does her work
punctually, seriously and devotedly. She labours continuously, unquestioningly
and rather selflessly. She has to bear hardship and pain and that she does with
the temperament of an ox.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow is basically a rational being.
She has her hope and aspiration. She plans for her two boys. She stores money
for their better future. From this point she is a caring mother. she tries
heart and soul to fulfill her dream. She wants eagerly to raise her humble
saving of 54 pounds and to one hundred pounds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow inspite of her little
emotional ambition has an impassivity. Money appears more valuable than the
life of Mr. Thurlow <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who was arrested and
died in prison and her lost money could not be restored. The two boys for whom
she builds up a dream is totally collapsed when they deny to come back. Mrs.
Thurlow endows that also and carries on her daily drudgery steadily and
stolidly almost of the manner of an unresponsive, irrational animal, like an
ox. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The very site of Mrs. Thurlow’s house
exposed to the rough wind and isolated from the surrounding landscape has a
symbolic reference to her hard life. Her husband symbolizes callous and her
sons stand for unsympathetic attitude. Her hard-earned saving stands for her
little ambition and the loss of the saving indicates the desolation of her
future. Moreover, at the final end of the story the slow-puncturing of the
cycle indicates the puncturing the Mrs Thurlow’s dream. Finally the pumping of
the cycle symbolizes Mrs Thurlow vain attempt to lead the live properly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The symbolic turns of the story are simple
and there is little of the psychological complexity of character of Mrs
Thurlow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Q4.
How does Bates in his story The Ox show obsession with pain?</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘The Ox’ illustrates not only these qualities
of style and writer’s attitude, but also a characteristic theme—what Henry
Miller calls in his Preface to an excellent selection of Bates’s stories, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seven by Five</i> (1963), ‘an obsession with
pain. Pain stretched to breaking point, pain prolonged beyond all seeming
endurance’—yet not, by any means, beyond the bounds of possibility. One of H.
E. Bates’s great strengths is to show a manly and unsentimental pity for those
that suffer alone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">From the
very beginning of the short story the author has not failed to show the
analogue of the ox in Mrs Thurlow’s physical feature--- she had a bulky and
rather robust body, with her flat, heavy feet, that ‘pounded painfully’ along
‘under mud-stained skirts’. Her face and body looked unseemly with her lumpy
angle of bone. She is appeared as ‘a beast of burden’. Moreover, when she works
in the field-to plant and pick potatoes and peas, to dig for cabbages and
roots, she pinned up her skirt on the back that seemed to be ‘a thick stiff,
tail’. She appears like ‘some bonny ox. Mrs Thurlow has a bicycle which is
never ridden. It remains always well-loaded, and she walks beside it like an ox.
Her relation to this cycle reminds the relation of an ox to cart.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She is nothing exceptional or remarkable.
She is very poor and her life is one of her struggle and ceaselessly drudgery.
Though not a beast she had the living of a beast. Like an ox she works steadily
and meticulously. Despite the strain of her daily duty she does her work
punctually, seriously and devotedly. She labours continuously, unquestioningly
and rather selflessly. She has to bear hardship and pain and that she does with
the temperament of an ox.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow is basically a rational being.
She has her hope and aspiration. She plans for her two boys. She stores money
for their better future. From this point she is a caring mother. she tries
heart and soul to fulfill her dream. She wants eagerly to raise her humble
saving of 54 pounds and to one hundred pounds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow inspite of her little
emotional ambition has an impassivity. Money appears more valuable than the
life of Mr. Thurlow <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who was arrested and
died in prison and her lost money could not be restored. The two boys for whom
she builds up a dream is totally collapsed when they deny to come back. Mrs.
Thurlow endows that also and carries on her daily drudgery steadily and
stolidly almost of the manner of an unresponsive, irrational animal, like an
ox.</span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-87772971390574719482013-07-22T08:05:00.003-07:002013-07-22T08:05:34.843-07:00Discuss The Ox as a short story <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b> </b></span><b>In the truest sense a short story is a
short prose with some characteristic features. In a short story a significant
event is taken as the subject matter of the story. A small number of characters
are introduced and a short story can easily by read out in a single sitting.
From this point the ox never fully satisfies the requirements. Inspite of that
we have to judge “The ox” as a short
story. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bates’s ‘The ox’ is a labeled as a short story, although this is not a very
short story. ‘The Ox’ is a simple
narrative with a single plot that deals with the life and hardship of a rustic
woman Mrs. Thurlow. The story is no doubt a tragedy—the tragedy of a poor
humble ambition of a woman who saved money desperately for the future of her
sons. She wanted to establish them beyond her world. But her little ambition
was all sadly shut out. Her husband was involved in an act of murder and died
in the police custody. Her hard-earned saving was stolen. Her sons denied to
live with her. She has left alone, dejected and humiliated with her bicycle to
drag on the heavy burden of her life.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Like other short story here the narrative
is simple, single and straight-forward. The situation rounds with Mrs Thurlow’s
struggling and suffering. The story is simply present the suffering of Mrs
Thurlow who has no hamartia. She had the best of devotion and intention, yet
suffered not the least pain and frustration. The tragedy is “too deep for tears”.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The Ox’
is a well-conceived story. The emphasis is found laid more specifically on the
heroine. She figures most in the story. Her patient and painstaking living is
the main focus of attention. In the matter of economy of narration ‘The Ox’ is a well-written story. But
the story have some sectional division. All these sections are well organized
and serve to focus the interest of the story in a balanced way. The story grows
smoothly, spontaneously from the exposition to the development, crisis and the
final catastrophe.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘The
ox’, therefore, maintenance the characteristic feature of a short story and it
achieves the maximum effects by means of the economy in story writing.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-37177694292625850102013-07-22T08:03:00.001-07:002013-07-22T08:03:10.921-07:00Justify the title of The Ox<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Generally
the title of any literary work is derived either from its main character or
from its central theme. From this point of view the ox has no relation as its
symbolically refers the character of the heroine of this story who is hardy,
sturdy, patient and painstaking as an ox. The title directly refers to her.</span></div>
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the author has not failed to show the analogue of the ox in Mrs Thurlow’s
physical feature--- she had a bulky and rather robust body, with her flat,
heavy feet, that ‘pounded painfully’ along ‘under mud-stained skirts’. Her face
and body looked unseemly with her lumpy angle of bone. She is appeared as ‘a
beast of burden’. Moreover, when she works in the field-to plant and pick
potatoes and peas, to dig for cabbages and roots, she pinned up her skirt on
the back that seemed to be ‘a thick stiff, tail’. She appears like ‘some bonny
ox. Mrs Thurlow has a bicycle which is never ridden. It remains always well-loaded,
and she walks beside it like an ox. Her relation to this cycle reminds the
relation of an ox to cart.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The title is more apt if judge from Mrs.
Thurlow’s living character and conduct of life. She is nothing exceptional or
remarkable. She is very poor and her life is one of her struggle and
ceaselessly drudgery. Though not a beast she had the living of a beast. Like an
ox she works steadily and meticulously. Despite the strain of her daily duty
she does her work punctually, seriously and devotedly. She labours
continuously, unquestioningly and rather selflessly. She has to bear hardship
and pain and that she does with the temperament of an ox.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow is basically a rational being.
She has her hope and aspiration. She plans for her two boys. She stores money
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saving of 54 pounds and to one hundred pounds. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs Thurlow inspite of her little
emotional ambition has an impassivity. Money appears more valuable than the
life of Mr. Thurlow <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who was arrested and
died in prison and her lost money could not be restored. The two boys for whom
she builds up a dream is totally collapsed when they deny to come back. Mrs.
Thurlow endows that also and carries on her daily drudgery steadily and
stolidly almost of the manner of an unresponsive, irrational animal, like an
ox. </span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-45428663640484688222013-01-02T07:26:00.000-08:002013-01-02T07:26:54.371-08:00UGC NET Multiple Choice Questions on American and Other Non-British Literature <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Who is the author of Raj?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Geeta Mehta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Rama Mehta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Shobha De</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Nargis Dalai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Dominique Lapierre wrote an appealing account of the sordid
squalor of an Indian city. Identify the city.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Calcutta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bombay</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Udaipur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Delhi</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Who is the author of following poems?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"The Gift of India", "Bangle-seller",</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"The Anthem of Love", "Palanquin Bearers"</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Sarojini Naidu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Nissim Ezekiel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Who wrote the hard-hitting poem "Sita</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speak" indicating the society for the injustice meted out
to women down the ages</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Bina Agarwal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) P. Lai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Sarojini Naidu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. In which of the following poems of Ezekiel do we get a moving
picture of a mother's suffering ?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) 'The Couple'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) 'Night of the Scorpion'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) 'The Visitor'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) 'Philosophy'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Who is the author of Two Virgins?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Kamala Markandaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Shastri Deshpande</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Name the Indo-English novelist who wrote A Suitable Boy.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Vikram Seth</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Amitav Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Upamanyu Chatterjee</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Two Indian writers living abroad created furor - one was
Vikram Seth who got an unprecedented amount as an advance for his novel, the
other who came under 'fatwa', for one of his controversial novels, issued by
Muslim countries, was</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Amitav Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bharati Mukherjee</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Salman Rushdie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name Salman Rushdie's latest Novel.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Moor's Last Sigh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Fury</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) The Ground beneath Her Feet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Satanic Verses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Of the following novels one does not portray the
Gandhian Age and the impact of Gandhi. Which one?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) K.A. Abbas's Inquilab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Venu Chitale's In Transit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) R.K. Narayan's The Dark Room</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) K. Nagarajan's Chronicles of Kedaram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who is the author of the following books: The
Foreigner, The Apprentice, The Last Labyrinth, The City and the River?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Ruth P. Jhabvala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Amitav Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Dom Moraes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Arun Joshi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Whose collections of poems are these: A Time to Change,
Sixty Poems, The Third, The Unfinished Man?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) P. Lai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Nissim Ezekiel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Bina Aggarwal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Listed below are the works of Bhabani Bhattacharya of
which only one is his collection of short stories. Identify it.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) So Many Hungers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) A Dream in Hawaii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Sea Hawk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Shadow from Ladakh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Baumgartner's Bombay is a novel about a German Jew who
remains an outsider all his life, in his country because he is a Jew and in
India, where he is a firangi. Who wrote this moving novel?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Vikram Seth</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) The Grotom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding:
0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (b) Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Nayantara Sehgal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Ruth P. Jhabvala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>In which novel does R.K. Narayan focus on family
planning?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Guide</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Mr. Sampath</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Bachelor of Arts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) The Painter of Signs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>In the Guide we come across a dancer. What is her name?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Daisy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bharati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Rosie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Savitri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who wrote these lines?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Woman is the earth, air, ether, sound; woman is the
microcosm of the mind "?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Raja Rao</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) R.K. Narayan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Kamala Markandaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Arthur Symons wrote about this person, "All the
life of the tiny figure seemed to concentrate itself in the eyes: they turned
towards beauty as the sunflower turns towards the sun." Who is the person
referred to?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Aru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Sarojini Naidu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Rabindra Nath Tagore</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>H.A.L. Fisher wrote about this person,".... this
child of the green valley of the Ganges has by sheer force of native genius
earned for herself the right to be enrolled in the great fellowship of English
poets." Who is the poet?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Sarojini Naidu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Michael Madhusudan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Manmohan Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>An Indo-English poet once remarked that his disciplines
(i.e., linguistics and anthropology) and his education give him his
"Outer" form, whereas his Indian origin, first thirty years in India
and knowledge of Kannada and Tamil give him his "inner" form. Who
said this?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) A.K. Ramanujan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Kamala Das</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Gieve Patel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Raja Gopal Parthasarathy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who wrote Jejurithe Commonwealth Poetry Prize winner
work?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Shiv K. Kumar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Arun Kolatkar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Keki N. Daruwala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Jayant Mahapatra</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>In which of Anita Desai's novel an insane wife kills
her husband?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Voices in The City</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) In Custody</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Cry, The Peacock</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Baumgartner's Bombay</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>In which novel does the hero sing the refrain?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"This is the machine age, sons</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is the machine age</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We are the men who will master it"?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Big Heart</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) The Sword and The Sickle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Two Leaves and a Bud</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) The Road</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who was the first recipient of the Sahitya Academi
Award for English literature?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Mulk Raj Anand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Nayantara Sehgal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) R.K. Narayan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Raja Rao</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Following novels except one, describe the condition of
Westners living in India. Mark the one which does not.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Heat and Dust</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) The Princess</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Coffer Dam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) A Passage to India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Which of the following novels focuses on the question
of rape?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Bending Vine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Voices in The City</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Some Inner Fury</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) A Time to Be Happy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who is the author of the following novels: A Bend in
The Ganges, The Princes, Distant Drums, Devil's Wind, A Combat of Shadows?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Mulk Raj Anand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bhabani Bhattacharya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Manohar Malgaonkar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Salman Rushdie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who wrote "Our Casuarina Tree" a splendid
Keatsian poem?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Swami Vivekanand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Sri Aurobindo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>To whom do we assign following works - The Lake of
Palms, A History of Civilization of Ancient India, The Slave-Girl of Agra?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Manmohan Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Sharat Chandra</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Which one of the following is a collection of Anita
Desai's short stories?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Voices in the City</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Games at Twilight</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Village by the Sea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Cry, the Peacock</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Browning's The Ring and the Book is a long poem having
about 21,000 lines, but Aurobindo's Savitri is longer. How many lines does the
epic contain?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) 24,000 (b) 21,500</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) 30,000 (d) 22,000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Toru Dutt, Romesh Chander Dutt and Aurobindo, all wrote
on one common theme taken out from the Mahabharata. Identify the story which
the tree found irresistible.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Kama and Kunti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Nal-Damyanti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Savitri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Gandhari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who of the following was highly influenced by French
Romanticism, French language and literature?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Michael Madhusudan Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Govind Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>About an Indian poet writing in English, a critic,
George Sampson says that a reader of his poems "Would readily take them as
the work of an English poet trained in the classical tradition." An Indian
critic feels that his poetry has no imagery or sentiment that can be termed as
Indian. Who was this poet?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Michael Madhusudan Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Aurobindo Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Manmohan Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>The Fakir ofJhungheera was written by one of the first
Indo-Anglian poets. The poem is often hailed as a "Competent narrative
verse with Byronic echoes." Identify the writer.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Toru Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Henry Derozio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Michael Madhusudan Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Hasan Ali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>He was the first Indian poet to have published a regular
volume of English verse. He also edited an English Weekly The Hindu
Intelligence. Name him.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Michael Madhusudan Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Mohan Lai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Kashiprasad Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Paying a tribute to a Bengali poet who wrote in English
also, Sri Aurobindo said, "The God himself took up thy pen and
wrote." Who was he?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Michael Madhusudan Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Henry Derozio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Kashiprasad Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>One of the following works is written by Michael
Madhusudan Dutt. Identify which one?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Shair and Other Poems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) The Captive Ladie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Bianca</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Lays of Ancient India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name the poet of "Kali, the Mother."</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Swami Vivekanand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Subramaniam Bharathi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Swami Ramakrishna Paramhans</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Sri Aurobindo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>He is a Sahitya Akademi Award Winner and he loves to
write for children. Who is he?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) R. K. Narayan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Manohar Malgaonkar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Ruskin Bond</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Upamanyu Chatterjee</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Whose autobiography is entitled My Father's Son?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Dom Moraes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Frank Moraes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Nirad Chaudhury</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) VS. Naipaul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Mulk Raj Anand, about one of his female characters
says, "Gauri is my tribute to Indian womanhood." In which novel does
Gauri appear?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Road</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) The Old Woman and The Cow</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Untouchable</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) The Sword and The Sickle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Read the following passage and identify the novel and
its author: "Lago, I am as meek as Moses, but I have just heard that you
have been mishandled by that Bhatta Govinda. Whip me, ye devils! Roast me in
sulphur! Gall, worse than gall! A rascally Yea-for-smooth knave! Three Judases,
each one thrice worse than Judas! Falstaff speaking. I am as subject to heat
as butter."</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) In Custody by Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) All About H. Hatter by G.V. Desani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Vermillion Boat by Sudhir Ghosh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">44.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name the author who has been described by a critic as
an "outsider inside."</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Anita Desai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Salman Rushdie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Nirad C. Chaudhary</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Ruth Jhabvala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Following novels, except one, describes the condition
of Indians settled abroad. Mark the one which does not.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Nowhere Man</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bye-Bye, Blackbird</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) The Serpent And The Rope</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) The Guide</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">46.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>The Angel of Misfortune is a poem of about 5000 lines,
written by Nagesh Vishwanath Pai. Whose story is narrated in this book?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Saturn, the Dark Angel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) King Arthur of the Holy Grail</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) King Vikramaditya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Kamadeva</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name the author of The Gardener, The Fugitive, Chitra,
Sacrifice, The Post Office.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Rabindra Nath Tagore</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bankim Chandra</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Aurobindo Ghose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Romesh Chander Dutt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name the two prizes, one in literature and another in
History, awarded to young Aurobindo while studying in England.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Pulitzer Prizes in Literature and Bedford Prize in History</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Bookers in Literature and Butterworth in History</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Butterworth in Literature and Bedford in History</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">49.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Name Sarojini Naidu's last collection of poems.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) The Broken Wing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) The Golden Threshold</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) The Bird of Time</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) The Temple</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>What is the full title of Aurobindo's Savitri?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Savitri - An Epic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Savitri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Savitri - A Legend and a Symbol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Savitri - A Poem in Three Parts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">51.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who wrote Murugan, The Tiller and Kandan, the Patriot,
Jatadharan and The Next Rung?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) K.S. Venkataramani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) ShankerRam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Humayun Kabir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) K. Subba Rao</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">52.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>The Devil's Wind depicts the events of our First War of
Independence (1857 mutiny). Who is the author of this novel?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Shanker Ram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Manohar Malgaonkar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) R.K. Narayan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Sasthi Brata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">53.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Which novel highlights the Bengal famine?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) So Many Hungers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) A Handful of Rice</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) A Time to be Happy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Athawar House</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">54.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who wrote Ilion?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Virgil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Aurobindo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Homer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) Rabindra Nath Tagore</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Who is the author of Love of Dust?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Ruth P. Jhabvala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Humayun Kabir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) Shanker Ram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) K.S. Venkataramani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answers:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 449px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.(a)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.(a)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.(b)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.(a)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
(b)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.(a)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
(a)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
(d)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.(b)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
(c)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.(d)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.
(b)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.
(c)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.
(b)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.(d)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.(c)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.
(a)</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.
(c)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.
(b)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.
(a)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.
(b)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.
(b)</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.
(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.(b)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.
(a)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.
(d)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.(b)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.(d)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.(a)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.(b)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39.(a)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.
(c)</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41.(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.
(b)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43.
(c)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">44.
(d)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45.
(d)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">46.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47.
(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48.
(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">49.
(a)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.
(c)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">51.
(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">52.
(b)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">53.
(a)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt 2.9pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">54.
(b)</span></div>
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<td style="background: transparent; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
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</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-86130730662339205292013-01-02T07:10:00.005-08:002013-01-02T07:10:55.173-08:00UGC-NET English Part-II Solved Paper <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h3>
<br /></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1. The term
‘Comparative Literature’ was first used in English in 1848 by _____. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Walter Pater </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Matthew Arnold </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
John Ruskin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
D.G. Rossetti </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2. The
first academic treatment to the subject of Comparative Literature was
given by ______ in his book called Comparative Literature. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
H.M. Posnett </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Francois Jost </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Elisabeth Frenzel </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
N.P. Stallknecht </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3. Who is
of the view that a study of literary relationships is dangerous ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Horst Frenz </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
René Etiémble </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
S.S. Prawar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Jean M. Carré </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4.
According to H.H. Remak, ‘World Literature’, when compared to Comparative
Literature, suggests an element of _______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(A) Space </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B) Quality
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) Time</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D)
Intensity </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5. The
methodology of influence study was advocated by _________. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
The French School of Comparatists </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
The American School of Comparatists </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
The German Comparatists </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
The Russian Comparatists </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">6. An
American version of the creed of British Romanticism is ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
“Hugh Selvyn Mauberley” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
“Because I could not stop for Death” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
The Leaves of Grass</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
“North of Boston” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">7.
Westerners generally thought of history as _______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
the sum total of more or less random data. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
a remembrance of things past. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
ceaselessly unfolding and constantly flowing events. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
phenomena that have occurred at a specific time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">8. “The
word ‘Romantic’ has come to mean many things that … it means
nothing at all,” declared </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Walter Pater </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
John Keats </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
A.D. Lovejoy </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Matthew Arnold </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">9. Which
historian treated literary history ignoring the historical and mechanical order
of succession of events, but focused on human experience ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Robert Spiller </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
George Saintsbury </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Compton-Rickett </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
W.H. Hudson </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10. Which
of the following terms “stresses the beginning, rather than the
duration, of a time span of considerable length” ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(A) Period </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B) Age </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) Era </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) Century
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">11. Who
championed the theory of an inexorable step-by-step progression of the three
major kinds, epic, lyric and drama, in Greek literary history ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Ulrich Weisstein </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Quintilian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
S.S. Prawer </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Alexander Veselovsky </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">12. One of
the first writer to discuss the separation of the literary genre from other
aspects of literature was _____. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(A)
Brunetiere </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B)
Cicero </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C)
Quintilian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) Horace </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">13. Genre
is a journal published by ____. (Wrong Ans)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Indiana University </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
The University of Illinois </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Columbia University </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Princeton University </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">14. The
first literary work to discuss ‘genre’ is ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Plato’s Republic</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Horace’s Ars Poetica</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Longinus’ On the Sublime</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Aristotle’s Poetics</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">15. Who
separated the choric poetry from monodic poetry ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
The Greeks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B) The
Romans </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) The
Germans </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) The
French </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">16.
Identify the work from among the following that does not have an Oedipal theme/
motif : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Desire under the Elms by O’Neill </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Hamlet by Shakespeare </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
The White Devil by Webster </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
The Infernal Machine by Cocteau </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">17. The
archetypes of the anima and the animus were mentioned by ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Carl Jung </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Karen Horney </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Melanie Klein </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Jessic Weston </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">18. The
study of the Electra theme from the Classical Age to the present is an instance
of </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Synchronic study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Monochronic study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Anachronic study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Diachronic study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">19. A
critic who compares Valmiki’s Ramayana and Tulsi Das’ Ram Charit Manas as
literary epics is doing <b> (A) a Diachronic study </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B) a
Synchronic study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
an Archetypal study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D) a
Myth study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">20. The
German equivalent for the term “Thematology” is _______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Gestalt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Wissenschaft</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Stoffgeschichte</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Geistesgeschicht</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">21. The
Malayalam novel Chemmeen and the Tamil novel Amma Vandaal have been
compared for their common theme of ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Tradition and modernity </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Man-woman relationship </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Adultery and its consequences </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Society and women </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">22. One of
the novels on the subject of the Muslim invasion of India – Jai Somnath –
is by ________. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Narmad </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
K.M. Munshi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Harinarayan Apte </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Dharmavir Bharati </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">23. Which
of the following plays of Vijay Tendulkar has a historical setting ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Sakharam Binder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Kanyadaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Ghasiram Kotwal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Silence ! The Court is in Session </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">24. Select
the correct set from the following : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
(i) Bankim Chandra, Gora (ii) Saratchandra, Srikant (iii)
Tagore, Anandmath</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
(i) Bankim Chandra, Anandmath (ii) Saratchandra, Srikant (iii)
Tagore, Gora</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
(i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant (ii) Saratchandra, Gora (iii) Tagore,
Anandmath</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
(i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant (ii) Saratchandra, Anandmath (iii)
Tagore, Gora </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">25.
Identify the correct chronological sequence of the following Hindi authors : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Jaishankar Prasad, Premchand, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Premchand, Mohan Rakesh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Mohan Rakesh, Yashpal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">26.
According to Dryden, Horace’s Ars Poetica, translated by Ben Jonson, is
an example of ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Adaptation (B) Imitation </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Paraphrase <b>(D) Metaphrase </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">27. The
works of the novelist Balzac were translated by _______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Samuel Putnam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Marian Ayton Crawford </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
H.D.P. Lee </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Michael Grant </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">28.
Identify the author of the following statement : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> “A
badly written book is only a blunder; but a bad translation of a good book is a
crime.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Martin Luther </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Matthew Arnold </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
P.B. Shelley </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Gilbert Highet </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">29. Who
wrote the famous essay “On Translating Homer” ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Alexander Pope </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
John Dryden </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Matthew Arnold </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Una Ellis Fermor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">30. Name
the translator-critic who has elaborated on the seven different strategies on
translation : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Andre Lefevere </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Henry Gifford </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
B.Q. Morgan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Octavio Paz </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">31. Who,
among the following, focuses on language and text exclusively ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Derrida </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B) Lacan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) Julia
Kristeva </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D)
Foucoult </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">32.
Identify the author of the statement : “Spoken words are the symbols of mental
experiences … and written words are the symbols of spoken words.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Stanley Fish </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Aristotle </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Saussure </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Schleiermacher </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">33.
Identify the author of The English Moses : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Stephen Greenblatt </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Thomas Harriot </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Schleiermacher </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
E.M.W. Tillyard </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">34. The
first feminist text in Tamil was ________. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Mannil Ciruther</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Paanchali Capatam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Kothai Theevu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Thunaivi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">35.
Therukkoothu is the folk art form in ______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Tamil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B)
Malayalam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C)
Gujarati </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) Oriya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">36. Who
discusses “Reception Aesthetics” in Comparative Literature ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Hyppolite Taine </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Robert Spiller </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Anna Balakian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
J.T. Shaw </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">37.
“Influence and Literary Fortune” is an essay written by ________. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Arthur E. Kunst </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Mary Gaithen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Leon Edel </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Anna Balakian </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">38.
Plutarch’s Biographies would constitute, in the area of influence
studies, an instance of </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Recovery </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B)
Affinity </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C)
Source </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) Parody </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">39. Who
among the following thinkers exerted a tremendous impact on literature ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Karl Marx </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Arnold Toynbee </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Claudio Guillen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Frank Jost </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">40. Who
made the statement “one of the most complex problems in the study of literary
influence is direct and indirect influence” ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(A) David
H. Malone </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B) J.T.
Shaw </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) Ihab H.
Hassan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D)
Alexander Pushkin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">41. The
term ‘grotesque’ used to refer to a literary style/technique has its origins in
. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(A)
Painting </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(B)
Architecture </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(C) Music </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(D) Dance </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">42. One of
the significant works on Literature and the Arts – Music and Literature –
was written by </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Calvin S. Brown </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Albrecht Schöne </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Joseph Kerman </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Ulrich Weisstein </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">43. A
comparative study of the minds of the criminal heroism Dostoievsky’s Crime and
Punishment and Richard Wright’s Native Son involves the disciplines of
______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Literary Studies and Sociology </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Literary Studies and Psychology </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Literary Studies and Anthropology </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Literary Studies and Legal Studies </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">44.
Identify the literary text which can be illuminated by a study of Anthropology
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
The Waste Land</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Four Quartets</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
The Cocktail Party</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Gerontion </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">45. Which
of the following texts is open for an analysis from the perspective of
political theory ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
The Way of the World</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Major Barbara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (C)
Henry IV Part One</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
The Birthday Party</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">46. The
concept of ‘Wilderness Romance’ is employed in the study of American </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">novels by
the practitioners of _______. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (A)
Feminist Criticism </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (B)
Sociological Criticism </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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Eco Criticism </span></b></div>
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Psychological Criticism </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">47.
Mallarme, the French symbolist poet, influenced ______. </span></div>
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W.H. Auden </span></div>
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Dylan Thomas </span></div>
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T.S. Eliot </span></b></div>
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Hart Crane </span></div>
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Bayard Taylor </span></div>
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George Madison </span></div>
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Edward Fitzgerald </span></b></div>
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John Ciardi </span></div>
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John Milton </span></div>
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William Congreve </span></div>
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Jean Racine </span></div>
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John Dryden </span></b></div>
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Ionesco, Beckett, Adamoff </span></b></div>
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Beckett, Adamoff, Brecht </span></div>
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Anouilh, Ionesco, Beckett </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (D)
Ionesco, Anouilh, Adamoff</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-70484450607100289102012-12-23T06:37:00.000-08:002012-12-23T06:37:05.742-08:00shakespeare sonnet 18 explanation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The poet expresses his deep faith in the immortality of his friend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a world where every object is ephemeral,
his friend will outlive them all.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet waxes eloquent over his friend’s beauty that
surpasses that of a summer’s day. He is categorically critical of the day which
is ever-honoured by every body for its loveliness. The poet lists a catalogue
of denunciations of the day’s glory in order to bring his friend’s beauty into
bold relief. The poet emphasizes that his friend’s loveliness is much superior
to that of a summer’s day. He is more even-tempered than the Summer Season. He
is more attractive and impressive than it. Sometimes rough winds violently
shake the tiny buds of May and the season lasts but for a short while with all
its lovely elements which are short-lived. But the beauty of the poet’s friend
is enduring and ever-lasting. It never fades away and it does withstand the
ravages of time. So comparison between the friend’s beauty and that of a
summer’s day should hardly be taken into consideration.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet hesitates to compare his friend to a summer’s
day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His virtues do outshine its.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The qualities it is endowed with, fall far
short of his in majesticity and excellence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No calamity can make his friend lose his everlasting youth and freshness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And eyery fair from
.....................declines.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By chance
.......................untrimm'd.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<i> </i></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have
been taken from ‘Shall I compare thee’ written by William Shakespeare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The poet here emphasizes the transitoriness
of all living objects of Nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Every
object of nature, however fair, is subject to decay. Nothing lasts for-ever. It
is the law of Nature. Leaves and flowers along with every fair creature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are destined to die some day. Death spares none
in the world. With a changing course of Nature everything declines. Every fair
element of Nature loses its beauty in course of time. Its loveliness and charm
can claim no permanence. Time with its ravages and the power of destructibility
annihilates everything. So, the season of Summer that lasts but for a brief
spell, soon falls a victim to the mighty rage of time that preys on its
sweetness and sucks it dry. What is fair turns foul and faded being deprived of
'trimming'.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In
Course of time the charm of everything declines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No beauty can exist for ever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sense of mortality haunts it and it
surrenders to the clutches of destruction being ultimately shorn of all honour
and variety.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But thy eternal
.......................fade.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nor lose ..........................ow'st.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare. The poet here boldly affirms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the perpetual continuity of his friend’s
summer despite the ravages wrecked by time.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet is so much confident about the everlastingness of his friend’s
beauty that he boldly proclaims that his ‘eternal summer’ shall never fade. He
is sure to continue forever his immortal glory which time can never eclipse or
curb. His beauty will eternally shine beyond all earthly limitations and
restrictions. His loveliness will be reigning supreme in the kingdom of wrecks
and ravages. Like an undisputed monarch he will survive with an undying fame.
The analogy between the glorious beauty of his friend and that of a summer’s
day compels the poet to speak volumes of the former that knows no decay, no
destruction. The imperishable beauty of his friend stands matchless in
comparison to the evanescent and fleeting one of a day in summer.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet’s friend is the fairest of all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing can steal away his summer nor defile
the sublimity that his friend is possessed of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His beauty is to continue eternally.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So long as men
..........................can see.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So long
...........................to thee.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare. The poet is so much eloquent in his
praise of his friend that he goes to the extent of perpetuating his friend in
the memory of man for ever.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet establishes his contention in a most convincing manner that
his friend is deathless. He can never perish and he strongly asserts that his
friend would survive as long as the human civilization exists. He will be made
eternal through letters of gold and his place would be made so secure that no
calamity of death could be able to topple him down. He will be the cynosure of
all eyes that will keep wondering at his immortal status that the poet’s verse
would lend him. There death would fail to claim his beauty against the
enlivening effect of his verse and in this transitory universe where the
ravages of time thwart man’s ambition and damage all beauteous aspects of
nature, his friend will be shining forever. Thus, the poet will perpetuate his
friend’s beauty through his poetic endeavour. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet says that his friend will never die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing can perish him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is destined to remain alive until the
human civilization and society cease to exist.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br /></div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-78171089397969004292012-12-14T05:26:00.001-08:002012-12-14T05:26:07.344-08:00shakespeare's sonnet-18 explanation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Shall I compare
................summer's day.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thou art
...................temperate.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rough winds
................May.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And summer's
...................date.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(<i>V.
U-MODEL -NO- 8 / 16)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The poet expresses his deep faith in the immortality of his friend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a world where every object is ephemeral,
his friend will outlive them all.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet waxes eloquent over his friend’s beauty that
surpasses that of a summer’s day. He is categorically critical of the day which
is ever-honoured by every body for its loveliness. The poet lists a catalogue
of denunciations of the day’s glory in order to bring his friend’s beauty into
bold relief. The poet emphasizes that his friend’s loveliness is much superior
to that of a summer’s day. He is more even-tempered than the Summer Season. He
is more attractive and impressive than it. Sometimes rough winds violently
shake the tiny buds of May and the season lasts but for a short while with all
its lovely elements which are short-lived. But the beauty of the poet’s friend
is enduring and ever-lasting. It never fades away and it does withstand the
ravages of time. So comparison between the friend’s beauty and that of a
summer’s day should hardly be taken into consideration.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet hesitates to compare his friend to a summer’s
day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His virtues do outshine its.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The qualities it is endowed with, fall far
short of his in majesticity and excellence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No calamity can make his friend lose his everlasting youth and freshness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And eyery fair from
.....................declines.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By chance
.......................untrimm'd.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>V. U-MODEL -NO- 8 / 17)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<i> </i></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have
been taken from ‘Shall I compare thee’ written by William Shakespeare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The poet here emphasizes the transitoriness
of all living objects of Nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Every
object of nature, however fair, is subject to decay. Nothing lasts for-ever. It
is the law of Nature. Leaves and flowers along with every fair creature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are destined to die some day. Death spares none
in the world. With a changing course of Nature everything declines. Every fair
element of Nature loses its beauty in course of time. Its loveliness and charm
can claim no permanence. Time with its ravages and the power of destructibility
annihilates everything. So, the season of Summer that lasts but for a brief
spell, soon falls a victim to the mighty rage of time that preys on its
sweetness and sucks it dry. What is fair turns foul and faded being deprived of
'trimming'.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 24.1pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In
Course of time the charm of everything declines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No beauty can exist for ever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sense of mortality haunts it and it
surrenders to the clutches of destruction being ultimately shorn of all honour
and variety.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But thy eternal
.......................fade.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nor lose ..........................ow'st.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>V. U-MODEL -NO- 8 / 18)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare. The poet here boldly affirms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the perpetual continuity of his friend’s
summer despite the ravages wrecked by time.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet is so much confident about the everlastingness of his friend’s
beauty that he boldly proclaims that his ‘eternal summer’ shall never fade. He
is sure to continue forever his immortal glory which time can never eclipse or
curb. His beauty will eternally shine beyond all earthly limitations and
restrictions. His loveliness will be reigning supreme in the kingdom of wrecks
and ravages. Like an undisputed monarch he will survive with an undying fame.
The analogy between the glorious beauty of his friend and that of a summer’s
day compels the poet to speak volumes of the former that knows no decay, no
destruction. The imperishable beauty of his friend stands matchless in
comparison to the evanescent and fleeting one of a day in summer.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet’s friend is the fairest of all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing can steal away his summer nor defile
the sublimity that his friend is possessed of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His beauty is to continue eternally.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So long as men
..........................can see.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So long
...........................to thee.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 16.7pt 72.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>V. U-MODEL -NO- 8 / 19)</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ans.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">These lines have been taken from ‘Shall I compare
thee’ written by William Shakespeare. The poet is so much eloquent in his
praise of his friend that he goes to the extent of perpetuating his friend in
the memory of man for ever.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet establishes his contention in a most convincing manner that
his friend is deathless. He can never perish and he strongly asserts that his
friend would survive as long as the human civilization exists. He will be made
eternal through letters of gold and his place would be made so secure that no
calamity of death could be able to topple him down. He will be the cynosure of
all eyes that will keep wondering at his immortal status that the poet’s verse
would lend him. There death would fail to claim his beauty against the
enlivening effect of his verse and in this transitory universe where the
ravages of time thwart man’s ambition and damage all beauteous aspects of
nature, his friend will be shining forever. Thus, the poet will perpetuate his
friend’s beauty through his poetic endeavour. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The poet says that his friend will never die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing can perish him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is destined to remain alive until the
human civilization and society cease to exist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.1pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt 39.7pt 56.4pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-20872679333212241722012-12-01T05:52:00.002-08:002012-12-01T05:52:22.234-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(১)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">সুরের আকাশে<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">শুকতারা হাসে<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB__GC3jBmNMZbhkR8AIFXIm_fbYFb8EAt7eb9_4Cp9UFoNUYWBpV8bm5fvyPxVFL5_yEKTe9VFri9gJIg92UBLFybtAbLPtaKZUADWC2h9klNb7RNd8SVVv3GBmqJel0YeAwWmUmKCo/s1600/safe_image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB__GC3jBmNMZbhkR8AIFXIm_fbYFb8EAt7eb9_4Cp9UFoNUYWBpV8bm5fvyPxVFL5_yEKTe9VFri9gJIg92UBLFybtAbLPtaKZUADWC2h9klNb7RNd8SVVv3GBmqJel0YeAwWmUmKCo/s1600/safe_image.jpg" /></a><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ধরণী মধুছন্দা ।<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">হাসির জোয়ারে<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">চলেছে ভাসিয়া<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">সুতপা রজনী গন্ধা।<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(২)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">আসল কী নকল,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">নিলকট কী দূর,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">কিছুই নাহি বলি।</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">যথা হতে আসি,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">তথায় ফিরিয়া যাই,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">এইটুকু শুধু জানি ।<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(৩)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">হরি ওঁ শঙ্খনাদ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">বক্ষোমাঝে বাজে নিরন্তর<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">মধুর মুরলী ধ্বনি
মুগ্থ চিত্ত বিশ্ব চরাচর।<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Dr.Arghya Jana Literature Guidehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08899954244426705806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-706357215553673845.post-63904639755968558502012-11-28T22:57:00.003-08:002012-11-28T22:57:12.515-08:00Jeevan Charit by Sudhir Chandra Jana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;">^÷ïík„ýZ y‡BÞNýÚ GRá½ßR aá{
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>“KÙýk„ýïí[PáiŠRáiŠáRÛ
RáiŠáRXUaáPïíZÖñ</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>#áîiŠU
bóáiŠRá Ul„åý[áïîiŠU â[Så[áiŠRÚññ”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 30.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>#áâX
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aåQã[ýEýú GáRá</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span>íYáBPá
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<span style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">“Lives of great men all remind us</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">We can make our lives sublime,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">Amd departing, leave behind us</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">Footprints on the sands of time.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>H.W.
Long-fellow.</span></div>
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up</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> bbÙÿNý NýáÜbá[
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– </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">“Trust God and your good
right hand”</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> â@ü #BáQ ^âºýô </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">!</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> â@ü #aãX îQYÞ </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">!</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> â@ü íSð[ë_ </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">!</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> â@ü PåªßZ aÛB÷áXã ^âºýô </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Sylfaen; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Sylfaen;">!</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: AkrutiBngAnand; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: AkrutiBngAnand;"> RáZXáiŠá U]bãïíRR ]WýóÚñ</span></div>
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