Riders to
the Sea
is a play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge. It was first
performed on February 25, 1904 at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin by the Irish National Theater Society.
A one-act tragedy, the play is set in the Aran Islands, and like all of Synge's
plays it is noted for capturing the poetic dialogue of rural Ireland. The
very simple plot is based not on the traditional conflict of human wills but on
the hopeless struggle of a people against the impersonal but relentless cruelty
of the sea.
Important
characters
Only four
characters are named: Maurya, an elderly Irishwoman, her daughters Cathleen and
Nora, and her son Bartley. Also mentioned are Maurya's deceased sons Shawn,
Sheamus, Stephen, Patch, and Michael. The young priest is also important to
introduce controversies about Maurya's sons, e.g. whether the clothes are from
Michael's body, whether the young priest let Bartley go to sell his horse,
etc.).
Plot
synopsis
AFTER nine days of
constant grieving for her missing son, Michael, who, she feels certain, has
been drowned, old Maurya has fallen into a fitful sleep. Her daughter,
Cathleen, is busy with household tasks, when another daughter, Nora, slips
quietly into the kitchen with a bundle given her by the young priest. It
contains part of the clothes taken from the body of a drowned man far in the
north. They have been sent to Maurya's cottage with a view to possible
identification.
As Maurya shows
signs of waking the girls hide the bundle until sometime when they shall be
alone. Maurya's grieving for Michael is now coupled with fear of losing
Bartley, her only remaining son. Five sons and a husband she has already lost
to the sea. Will that insatiable tyrant insist on taking her sixth. The priest
says not. But now Bartley insists that he will cross to the mainland this very
day, in spite of winds and high seas, to dispose of a horse at the fair.
In a fit of pique
at this only remaining son for not listening to her pleas, Maurya lets him go
without her blessing. The girls persuade her to intercept him with the lunch
they had forgotten to give him and so to make opportunity for that blessing a
mother should have given.
While Maurya is
gone the girls open the package. The clothes are, indeed, Michael's. Their only
comfort is the thought that his body has been given a good Christian burial
there in the north where it was washed up. At this point Maurya returns
terrified with a vision she had had of Michael riding on the led horse behind
Bartley. Now she is sure Bartley is doomed. When the girls show her Michael's
clothes her only response is that the good white boards she had bought for his
coffin would serve for Bartley instead.
Even as she
speaks, the neighboring women troop in, their voices raised in the
"keen," that monotonous Irish chant of grief. Men follow bringing the
body of Bartley who has been knocked off a cliff into the surf by the horse he
was leading. The play closes on the note of Maurya's fatalistic submission. She
can sleep now with no worry but that of starvation. "They're all gone now
and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me. . . . No man at all can be
living forever and we must be satisfied."
Riders to the
Sea was
first produced at Molesworth Hall, Dublin,
on February 25, 1904
SUMMARY
The
play begins with Maurya, who has fallen into a fitful sleep. She is certain
that her son, Michael, has drowned, even though she has no proof, and has been
constantly grieving for nine days. Cathleen, her daughter, is doing household chores when Nora, another daughter
arrives. She quietly slips into the kitchen with a bundle that had been given
to her by a young priest. In the bundle are clothes taken from the body of a
man who drowned in the far north. They were sent to Maurya's home, hoping that
she would be able to identify the body.
Maurya begins to look as if she is going to wake up soon, so the daughters hide
the bundle until a time when they are alone. Maurya awakes, and her fear for
losing her only remaining son Bartley intensifies her grieving for Michael.
Keep in mind, she has already lost five sons and a husband to the sea. The
priest claims that that "insatiable tyrant" will not take her sixth.
However, Bartley proclaims that he is going to venture over to the mainland
that same day, in order to sell a horse at the fair, despite knowing of the
high winds and seas.
Maurya begs Bartley not to go, yet he insists despite her pleas. In a flustered
state of irritation, Maurya bids him gone without her blessing. Upon seeing
these events unfold, the sisters tell Maurya, that she should go out and search
for Bartley in order to give him the lunch that they he had forgotten to bring,
and while at it, give him her blessing.
Maurya agrees to go, and once she is gone, the girls open the bundle. They find
that they were indeed Michael's clothes, but at least they have the comfort of
knowing he got a respectable Christian burial where he washed up in the north.
At this point, Maurya returns even more flustered and terrified before. She has
seen a vision of Michael riding on the lead horse behind Bartley. Because of
this, she is sure Bartley is doomed to die at sea. The girls then show her Michael's
clothes, and she exclaims that the nice white boards she had bought for
Michael's coffin may now be used for Bartley's instead.
As
she says this, the neighbors (women) enter, their voices raised in what the
play calls a "keen", or wailing lament for the dead. Men follow the
women, who bring in the body of Bartley, who, sure enough, is
dead. He has been knocked off a cliff into the surf below
by the horse he was leading. The play ends with Maurya's fatal submission as
she says, "They're all gone now and there isn't anything more the sea can
do to me."
This play resulted in the public having an interesting outlook to the sea.
Whereas beforehand the sea was always mysterious and adventurous, it now became
melodramatic and depressing. This had a somewhat similar effect to
"Jaws" in the mid 70s, changing peoples' views of water and the
ocean, but on a lesser scale.
Riders to the Sea is a
tragedy portraying the sort of poor Irish peasant family which had previously
supplied material for comedies on London
stages. Though set in contemporary Ireland, the play provides a window
into the life of the people in ancient times: the life of the Aran community is
archaic: untouched by modern life, untouched by colonialism.
The power of the sea is the main theme of the play: it is both provider
and destroyer; it provides life, connection with the mainland, but it takes
life. The dramatic structure of the play centres around the sea: in the
beginning there is suspense as to whether the sea has given back the dead body
of the young man it has taken. At the end there is suspense as to whether the
last remaining son will survive the storm. The power of the elements is
demonstrated to the audience in the opening scene as the wind tears open the
door of the cottage. The main epic speech describes the destruction of the men
of the family. As the old woman tells of past tragedies, the next and last one
is re-enacted. This shows the audience that her presentiments and fears were
justified; it demonstrates the struggle with the elements and the cycle of
death; the ancient ritual of the community in the face of death; the stoic
resignation and strength of the old woman.
Many elements of the play remind one of the classical tragedies of
antiquity: the compelling structure, the foreshadowing of the tragedy and its
inevitability, the element of guilt which is not personal guilt, the stoic
acceptance of fate, the great simplicity and dignity of the main character.
The play is not a political parable, but it had a significant political
impact. It counteracted the colonial view of the Irish as a rather savage,
primitive uncultured people. It shows a family struggling against overwhelming
odds to survive, and maintaining dignity in defeat. It shows that poverty does
not of necessity mean poverty of spirit. The richness and spirit of the Irish
language is recreated in English modelled on Gaelic speech patterns. The play
reduces the colonial period to an episode in the history of the Irish, as it
provides a picture of how the people lived down the centuries. It could have
given the audience a sense of hope: if a people survived thousands of years
battling against the elements, then surely a struggle against mere human
unreason could ultimately be successful.
NOTES
ON SYNGE’S “RIDERS TO THE SEA”
1.
The life of the Islanders:
A subsistence life: tiny cottage, no windows, they
have what they can make - make their own clothes from their own wool; live on
fish and potatoes; they buy only flour and tea from money made selling a horse
or a pig; they burn turf they cut themselves; make their own fertilizer from
seaweed. They live very isolated lives: if a stranger comes by, they remember
not only what they bought from him, but exactly what he said. Their contact
with and knowledge of the world, and indeed of Ireland, is very limited: it is the
traveller who tells them how far away County Donegal is - distance is measured
in the time needed to walk it. There is a strict divison of labour between men
and women: women do not fish or sell; they farm, mind animals and house,
prepare food and clothes.
2.
The dominance of the sea:
The sea is both provider and destroyer: provides life, connection with
the mainland, but it takes life. Its power is the main theme of the play:
illustrated for the audience by the tearing open of the door at the beginning, and
by the descriptions given by the girls. Their sense of time, of direction is
determined by the sea. The fishermen struggle to get a living out of the sea in
tiny, frail boats made of tarred canvas, which they make themselves.
The dramatic structure of the play centres around the sea: in the
beginning there is suspense as to whether the sea has given back the dead body
of the young man it has taken. At the end there is suspense as to whether the
last remaining son will survive the storm. The main epic speech (Maurya's)
describes the destruction of the men of the family. As the old woman tells of
past tragedies, the next and last one is re-enacted. This shows the audience
that her presentiments and fears were justified; it shows the struggle with the
elements and the cycle of death most dramatically; it presents the ancient
ritual of the community in the face of death; it shows the stoic resignation
and dignity of the old woman.
The type of English used is modelled on Gaelic speech and demonstrates
the richness and poetry of Irish.
The life of the people is presented as being archaic in many respects.
It is true that the characters are shown to be Catholics, but the beliefs of
ancient times are seen to be very much alive: black hags and spirits haunt the
seas; Maurya sees the ghost of her dead son, and all interpret this as a sign
that the last son is doomed. The dead man takes the last remaining son with
him. (This ancient belief in the malevolence of the dead and the threat they
constitute to the living led to the placing of heavy stones on graves in the
hope that the spirit of the dead would not be able to get out and haunt the
living.) The priest is almost pitied by Maurya as a young man who doesn't
really know what he is talking about and who can offer neither sound advice nor
comfort, though he tries his best. There is a great sense of the world of the
spiritual, Catholic and older elements intermingling without conflict.
Many elements of the play remind one of the classical tragedies of
antiquity: the compelling structure, the foreshadowing of the tragedy and its
inevitability, the element of guilt which is no personal guilt, the stoic
acceptance of fate, the great simplicity and dignity of the main character.
