ANTI-SENTIMENTAL COMEDY:

     The sentimental comedy did not last long. The sentimental soon degenerated into sentimentality. This change gradually manifested itself in the advent of sensibility to replace wit and immorality in the comedy. In this sentimental comedy of Colley Cibber and Steele there was conventional morality and sentimentality in place of grossness of the restoration comedy. These dramatists dealt with the problems, of conduct, family and marriage in a tone that will no longer shock decorum and by virtue of tears they cause to flow, they contributed to the edification of souls. These dramatists aimed at preaching some moral lessons by restoring suffering innocent virtue to happiness and converting rogues into good characters. Thus these comedies lost the true spirit of comedy. There are no gaiety and innocent mirth created by wit and fun. Instead, these plays served the false morality of the middle class.

The two great dramatists are-

A. OLIVER GOLDSMITH:-

    His two well known comedies that give death-knell to the sentimental comedy are-

(i) Good-natured Man:-

     The story of the play thus follows. Mr. Honeywood is an open hearted good natured by a foolish young man. He gives away to the importunate what he owes to his creditors. His uncle Sir William decided to teach him a lesson by having him arrested for debt and to make him know who his true friends are. Young Honeywood loves Miss Richland but he recommends to her the suit of Lofty a govt. officer whom he believes to be responsible for his release from arrest. But it is Miss Richland who has secured his release. Honeywood finally understands his folly and gets married with Miss Richland. Within the main plot there runs also a sub-plot.

     In the prologue Goldsmith declared with a touch of sarcasm that he had preferred the older laughing comedy to the sentimental type. There are many weakness in the plot, much of the dialogues are stilted.

(ii) She Stoops to Conquer:-

     She Stoops to Conquer or The Mistakes of a Night was produced in 1773. The principal characters are Hardcastle, who loves ‘every thing that’s old; old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wine’; Mrs. Hardcastle, and Miss Hardcastle their  daughter; Mrs. Hardcastle’s son by a former marriage, Tony Lumpkin, a frequenter of the ‘Three Jolly Pigeons’, idle and ignorant, but cunning and mischievous, and doted on by his mother; and young Marlow, ‘one of the most bashful and reserved young fellows in the world’, except with barmaids and servant-girls. His father, Sir Charles Marlow, has proposed a match between young Marlow and Miss Hardcastle, and the young man and his friend, Hastings, accordingly travel down to pay the Hardcastle a visit. Losing their way they arrive at night at the ‘Three Jolly Pigeons’, where Tony Lumpkin directs them to a neighbouring inn, which is in reality the Hardcastles’ house. The fun of the play arises largely from the resulting misunderstanding, Marlow treating Hardcastle as the landlord of the supposed inn, and making violent love to Miss Hardcastle, whom he takes for one of the servants. This contrasts with his bashful attitude when presented to her in real character. The arrival of Sir Charles Marlow clears up the misconception and all ends well, including a subsidiary love-affair between Hastings and Miss Hardcastle’s cousin, Miss Neville, whom Mrs. Hardcastle destines for Tony Lumpkin.”

      The prologue of the play gives the conception of comedy of Goldsmith. It is also a direct satire on sentimental comedy. Moreover, he has explained his ideas about the comic art in the dedication to Samuel Johnson. In the play, he has ironically attacked sentimental comedy through the mouth of his character. As Miss Hardcastle observes in Act II: “Indeed, I have often been surprise how a man of sentiment could ever admire those light air pleasures, where nothing reaches the heart”. Again Tony says in the same Act: “I have often seen her and sister cry over a book for an hour together; and they said they liked the book the better the more it made them cry.”

Dada Movement

The Dada art movement reigned from about 1916 to 1920 mainly in the countries of France, Germany and Switzerland. The Dadaism movement was based on principles of anarchy, cynicism, and rejecting the laws of social organization and beauty. The Dadaists sought to discover reality by abolishing traditional culture and accepted aesthetic forms. The group protested against World War I, and bourgeois interests that they feel inspired the war. The nihilistic point of view was also prevalent within the Dadaist movement. The name ‘Dada’ was created for the movement when a group of young artists and war resisters (including Jean Arp, Richard Hulsenbeck, Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco, and Emmy Hennings) stuck a paper knife into a French-German dictionary and found that it pointed to the word dada, the French word for ‘hobby horse’. Cabaret Voltaire was where the ideas of Dada were spawned and later the surrealists used it as their art forum. Cabaret Voltaire fell into desrepair after World War II but in 2002 a group of artists claiming to be ‘neo-Dadaists’ led by Mark Divo began to occupy Cabaret Voltaire. Over three months there were a variety of exhibitions and performances at the Cabaret including artists like Ingo Giezendammer, Mikry Drei, Lennie Lee, Leumund Cult, Aiana Calugar and Dan Jones. Eventually the occupants were evicted from the building which later reopened as a cabaret with programs, events, and exhibitions. The leading member of the Dada movement was Marcel Duchamp whose first piece of art for the movement, the ‘Bicycle Wheel” which was made up of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. The Dadaist movement was never very stable and eventually melded into surrealism by 1924. New ideas and art periods began emerging like socialist realism, and modernism which became popular with many of the Dadaist members. By World War II and Dada movement had almost completely dissipated as many of the European artists fled to the USA or died in Hitler’s death camps.

Romanticism

Romanticism began in the late 18th century and ended in the mid 19th century. The Romantic movement can be described as a reaction against Neoclassicim in which the style is full of emotion and beauty with many individualistic and exotic elements. Romantic art portrays emotions painted in a bold and dramatic manner, and there is often an emphasis on the past. Romantic artists often use melancholic themes and dramatic tragedy. Paintings by famous Romantic artists such as Gericault and Delacroix are filled with energetic brushstrokes, rich colors, and emotive subject matters. The German landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich created images of solitary loneliness whereas in Spain, Francisco Goya conveyed the horrors of war in his works. This demonstrates the variety in subject matter, but the emphasis on drama and emotion. The Pre-Raphaelite movement succeeded Romanticism, and Impressionism is firmly rooted in the Romantic tradition. Other famous Romantic artists include George Stubbs, William Blake, John Margin, John Constable, JMW Turner, and Sir Thomas Lawrence.

The Illusion of Choice in Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken"

            A deconstructive reading of Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken" reveals that the road not taken doesn't make any difference at all.   High schools have been using this poem to motivate students for decades, but what teachers and students never seem to notice is that both roads are essentially equal; therefore there is no moral to the story about the road less traveled making all the difference.  Did Frost make a fundamental error in his poem or did he deliberately write the last line in a clever attempt of chicanery to winnow out the scholars from the masses, or is he commenting on the illusion of independence, freedom, and originality in American society?  I suspect the latter but that is a thesis for a different essay. 

            Deconstruction questions the artifice of binary oppositions because they are hierarchies that privilege one of the terms.  Once we discover it we can use the ideology at work.  In Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” the central tension in this text is conformity versus nonconformity.  This binary opposition is the key to the text’s main ideological framework, that nonconformity, or taking the path less traveled, is the desired choice in having a better life.  However, the underlying theme of the poem, that taking the route to nonconformity is the best choice, it is also an illusion skillfully administered by American society; both paths are essentially the same, but Frost makes himself believe that they are different and one is more correct than the other and that it has “made all the difference”.  The same goes for our American society, whose pave-your-own-way philosophy rests on the ideology of nonconformity and individualism.  We like to think that we are being independent, free, and original-three hallmarks of American ideology and what it is to be an American-but in effect it is all an illusion to make ourselves feel better, to make ourselves feel more unique than the next person when in reality we are all conforming to the same ideology.  As in the poem, there is a failure of the American public to recognize the lack of nonconformity, which is Frost’s point in the poem. 

For example, as the narrator in the poem comes to a fork in the road and has to choose between two paths and looks carefully at both of them before making his decision, he accedes that both of them are “just as fair” and that those passing through had “worn them really about the same” and that both of them “equally lay”.  Look as hard as he might, and “long he stood”, he really could find no difference between the two paths.  However, he tried to convince himself (or his audience) that they were different paths in order to justify his choice and to make it seem as though he took the more difficult yet more rewarding one.  He wrote that he took the other path because it had “perhaps the better claim/Because it was grassy and wanted wear” but to be truthful he had to go on to admit that “though for the passing there/had worn them really about the same” so he tried to justify his choice but couldn’t quite do it.  However, by the end of the poem the narrator has convinced himself that he made the ideal choice by saying that he took the one less traveled by, “and that has made all the difference”.  There is no contextual evidence in the poem that shows that one of the paths was less traveled than the other.  When the narrator tried to compare them he couldn’t admit to there being any significant difference, so by the end of the poem he just asserted a falsehood; that he took the one less traveled by.  Frost illustrated and challenged the artifice of the ideology of nonconformity being the privileged binary opposition by showing (through the narrator in his poem) that it is so ingrained in society that it is better to make yourself and others believe that you have taken the more difficult and original route than to admit to being ordinary and following in the footsteps of countless others.  His narrator conforms to this ideology by trying to convince himself and his audience that he took the ideal, the “less traveled” path in order to save himself the humiliation of admitting that he didn’t do anything particularly interesting, original, or different from what others would have done.

Another, less important binary opposition present in the poem is temporality versus permanence.  The narrator is acutely aware of the fact that he can only choose one path and cannot go back and take the other path because even if, as he tried to console himself when he “kept the first for another day”, it wouldn’t be the same because it would be a different day, a different moment, a different mood, and a different set of experiences leading up to that decision.  Although the narrator knows that (hence the long deliberation at the beginning of the poem before finally choosing a path) he tries to tell himself that he can always go back and take the other path as well.  Therefore he is attempting to immerse himself in the illusion of permanence-that he could always go back and take the other path if the one he chose turned out not to be of his liking.  In American society there is an ideology that if a person doesn’t like their career or chosen path, they can always go back and change it.  Although it is true that one can always change career paths or choices in life, it is not possible to go back in time to change a decision; the experiences, personal feelings at the time, and the moment itself cannot be relived.  At the end of the poem the narrator says that the decision he made in choosing one particular path over another “has made all the difference”.  However, how could he know that it has made all the difference when he could not go back to that exact moment in time and take the other path?  We like to think that we have made the right choices in life based on what our lives are like now, but we cannot truthfully make that assertion because we cannot go back in time and relive all the alternate possibilities to successfully determine whether or not we have, indeed, made correct decisions.  Therefore, the narrator illustrates the artificial ideology that not only can we make truthful assertions about the correctness of the decisions we have made in our lives, but also that we can go back and change the decision if it turns out to be undesirable. 

Robert Frost Road Not Taken is a poem of non-conformity

The poem by Robert Frost, the Road not Taken, is about individuality and non-conformity.   The poem outlines the choices people make in life, using an extended metaphor.
Robert Frost’s poem was written about his friend who went to war, “One stanza of 'The Road Not Taken' was written while I was sitting on a sofa in the middle of England: Was found three or four years later, and I couldn't bear not to finish it. I wasn't thinking about myself there, but about a friend who had gone off to war, a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other. He was hard on himself that way" – Robert Frost, Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, 23 Aug. 1953.
The poem was highlighting some of the bad choices his friend had made and showing how to make the right choices. “two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less travelled by, And that has made all the difference.” This shows that Robert Frost advises his friend to not conform to others, but to make his own choices.
Robert Frost is claiming his life is better because he does not conform to others when he makes his decisions, “and I -- I took the one less travelled by, and that has made all the difference”.
The traveller is hesitant about which route to take, and is sad to miss out on one road, “And sorry I could not travel both”, “I shall be telling this with a sigh”, he wants to take both roads, but knows he can only take one, and he will probably never return to the fork in the road. Robert Frost knew it was unlikely for him to be able change his mind, “I doubted if I should ever come back.”
The traveller is hesitant and takes some time to make the decision, “long I stood, and looked down one as far as I could”. It is clearly a hard choice to make
The road less travelled is described as “grassy and wanting wear”. Robert Frost is using personification in this stanza, making the road appear have thoughts like a person.
The two roads in a forest is an extended metaphor, which represents the choices in live. It is accurate because it is not physically possible to travel both roads, and it is hard to change your mind, and go back.
The poem also uses a rhyming scheme of abaab. The rhyme adds more emotion to the poem; it makes the poem feel structured right from start to end.
The message about non-conformity is often quoted and promotes though for the choices made in life.   The poem’s use of techniques including rhyme, metaphors, and personification are well structured. The poem’s meaning has made it famous.

Browning's My Last Duchess A Study guide

Type of Work
......."My Last Duchess" is a dramatic monologue, a poem with a character who presents an account centering on a particular topic. This character speaks all the words in the poem. During his discourse, the speaker intentionally or unintentionally reveals information about one or more of the following: his personality, his state of mind, his attitude toward his topic, and his response or reaction to developments relating to his topic . The main focus of a dramatic monologue is this personal information, not the topic which the speaker happens to be discussing. The word monologue is derived from a Greek word meaning to speak alone. 
Publication
.......Browning first published poem under the title "I. Italy" in 1842 in Dramatic Lyrics, a collection of sixteen Browning poems. Brown changed the title of the poem to "My Last Duchess" before republishing it in 1849 in another collection, Dramatic Romances and Lyrics.
Setting and Background
.......The setting of "My Last Duchess," a highly acclaimed 1842 poem by Robert Browning, is the palace of the Duke of Ferrara on a day in October 1564. Ferrara is in northern Italy, between Bologna and Padua, on a branch of the Po River. The city was the seat of an important principality ruled by the House of Este from 1208 to 1598. The Este family constructed an imposing castle in Ferrara beginning in 1385 and, over the years, made Ferrara an important center of arts and learning. Two members of the family, Beatrice and Isabella, supported the work of such painters as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. 
.......In Browning’s poem, the Duke of Ferrara is modeled after Alfonso II, the fifth and last duke of the principality, who ruled Ferrara from 1559 to 1597 but in three marriages fathered no heir to succeed him. The deceased duchess in the poem was his first wife, Lucrezia de’ Medici, a daughter of Cosimo de’ Medici (1519-1574), Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569 to 1574. Lucrezia died in 1561 at age 17. In 1598, Ferrara became part of the Papal States.
Characters
Speaker (or Narrator): The speaker is the Duke of Ferrara. Browning appears to have modeled him after Alfonso II, who ruled Ferrara from 1559 to 1597. Alfonso was married three times but had no children. The poem reveals him as a proud, possessive, and selfish man and a lover of the arts. He regarded his late wife as a mere object who existed only to please him and do his bidding. He likes the portrait of her (the subject of his monologue) because, unlike the duchess when she was alive, it reveals only her beauty and none of the qualities in her that annoyed the duke when she was alive. Morever, he now has complete control of the portrait as a pretty art object that he can show to visitors.
Duchess: The late wife of the duke. Browning appears to have modeled her after Lucrezia de’ Medici, a daughter of Cosimo de’ Medici (1519-1574), Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569 to 1574. The duke says the duchess enjoyed the company of other men and implies that she was unfaithful. Whether his accusation is a fabrication is uncertain. The duchess died under suspicious circumstances on April 21, 1561, just two years after he married her. She may have been poisoned.
Emissary of the Count of Tyrol: The emissary has no speaking role; he simply listens as the Duke of Ferrara tells him about the late Duchess of Ferrara and the fresco of her on the wall. Historically, the emissary is identified with Nikolaus Madruz, of Innsbruck, Austria. 
Count of Tyrol: The father of the duke's bride-to-be. The duke mentions him in connection with a dowry the count is expected to provide.
Daughter of the Count of Tyrol: The duke's bride-to-be is the daughter of the count but appears to be modeled historically on the count's niece, Barbara. 
Frà Pandolph: The duke mentions him as the artist who painted the fresco. No one has identified a real-life counterpart on whom he was based. He may have been a fictional creation of Browning. Frà was a title of Italian friars of the Roman Catholic Church. 
Claus of Innsbruck: The duke mentions him as the artist who created "Neptune Taming a Sea-Horse." Like Pandolph, he may have been a fictional creation. 
The Portrait of the Duchess
.......The portrait of the late Duchess of Ferrara is a fresco, a type of work painted in watercolors directly on a plaster wall. The portrait symbolizes the duke's possessive and controlling nature inasmuch as the duchess has become an art object which he owns and controls.
Meter
......."My Last Duchess" is in iambic pentameter, which has ten syllables, or five feet, per line. The ten syllables consist of five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables. Lines 1 and 2 of the poem demonstrate the iambic-pentameter pattern. 

.......1.................2..................3.................4...............5
That's MY..|..last DUCH..|..ess PAINT..|..ed ON..|..the WALL,

.......1.............2...............3.................4...............5
Look ING..|..as IF..|..she WERE..|..a ALIVE..|..I CALL

Rhyme: Heroic Couplets

.......Line 1 rhymes with line 2, line 3 with 4, line 5 with 6, and so on. Pairs of rhyming lines are called couplets. When the lines are written in iambic pentameter, as are the lines of "My Last Duchess," the rhyming pairs are called heroic couplets. 
Internal Rhyme
Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, 'twas not
Frà Pandolf chanced to say "Her mantle laps
Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss 
Or there exceed the mark"–and if she let(lines 38-39)
Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse (line 41)
Summary and Commentary

.......Upstairs at his palace in October of 1564, the Duke of Ferrara–a city in northeast Italy on a branch of the Po River–shows a portrait of his late wife, who died in 1561, to a representative of the Count of Tyrol, an Austrian nobleman. The duke plans to marry the count’s daughter after he negotiates for a handsome dowry from the count. 
.......While discussing the portrait, the duke also discusses his relationship with the late countess, revealing himself–wittingly or unwittingly–as a domineering husband who regarded his beautiful wife as a mere object, a possession whose sole mission was to please him. His comments are sometimes straightforward and frank and sometimes subtle and ambiguous. Several remarks hint that he may have murdered his wife, just a teenager at the time of her death two years after she married him, but the oblique and roundabout language in which he couches these remarks falls short of an open confession. 
.......The duke tells the Austrian emissary that he admires the portrait of the duchess but was exasperated with his wife while she was alive, for she devoted as much attention to trivialities–and other men–as she did to him. He even implies that she had affairs. In response to these affairs, he says, “I gave commands; / “Then all [of her] smiles stopped together.” 
.......Does commands mean that he ordered someone to kill her?
.......Does it mean he reprimanded her?
.......Does it mean he ordered some other action? 
.......The poem does not provide enough information to answer these questions. Nor does it provide enough information to determine whether the duke is lying about his wife or exaggerating her faults. Whatever the case, research into her life has resulted in speculation that she was poisoned. Browning himself says the duke either ordered her murdered or sent her off to a convent.
.......That the duke regarded his wife as a mere object, a possession, is clear. For example, in lines 2 and 3, while he and the emissary are looking at the painting, he says, “I call that piece a wonder, now.” Piece explicitly refers to the portrait but implicitly refers to the duchess when she was alive. Now is a telling word in his statement: It reveals that the duchess is a wonder in the portrait, because of the charming pose she strikes, but implies that she was far less than a wonder when she was alive. 
.......Of course, the engaging pose the duchess strikes is not the only reason the duke prizes the portrait. He prizes it also because the duchess is under his full control as an image on the wall. She cannot play the coquette; she cannot protest or disobey his commands; she cannot do anything except smile out at the duke and to anyone else the duke allows to view the portrait. 
.......As the duke and the emissary turn to go downstairs, the duke points out another art object–a bronze art object showing Neptune taming a sea horse. The emissary might well have wondered whether the duke regarded himself as Neptune and the sea horse as the duchess. 
.......What the emissary plans to tell the count about the duke is open to question. But in real life, the duke did marry the woman he discussed with the emissary.

.Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice A Study Guide

Type of Work
.......Pride and Prejudice is a novel of romance and social satire with comic episodes, as in a comedy of manners. 
Composition and Publication
.......Jane Austen wrote the first version of the novel in 1796 and 1797, calling it First Impressions, but failed to get it published. In 1809, she began revising the novel and completed it in 1812 for publication by Thomas Edgerton on January 28, 1813 in London.
Settings
.......The action takes place in England between the fall of 1811 and the Christmas season of 1812 in the counties of Hertfordshire, Derbyshire, Kent, and Sussex and in the city of London.
Characters
Mr. Bennet: Husband and father of five daughters who owns a small estate, Longbourn, and runs his home on a modest income of his own, supplemented by money his wife brought to their marriage. He is generally a passive observer of events involving his daughters, although he takes an active part in attempting to find a daughter who has run off with a man of questionable reputation. He tries to stand clear of his wife's schemes to match their daughters with well-to-do bachelors. The Bennets have been married twenty-three years.
Mrs. Bennet: Wife of Mr. Bennet. She devotes her time to finding opportunities for her daughters to meet young men of wealth and social status. Her efforts are often clumsy and comical, making her something of a caricature of the matchmaking mother.
Elizabeth (Lizzy) Bennet: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet's second-oldest daughter (not yet twenty-one early in the novel) and the novel's main character. She is attractive, witty, compassionate, and morally upright. When confronted with rude or unreasonable behavior, she is not afraid to stand up for herself. At first, she is attracted to George Wickham and repelled by the FitzWilliam Darcy. Later, when she learns more about Wickham and Darcy, she gradually softens toward the latter and eventually falls in love with him.
FitzWilliam Darcy: Wealthy bachelor, about twenty-eight, and owner of a sprawling estate, Pemberley, in Derbyshire. When he attends a dance in Meryton, he looks down on the local attendees--including Elizabeth Bennet--thinking them common and provincial. However, in time, he falls in love with Elizabeth, finding her intelligent and attractive with an independent spirit. Next to Elizabeth, he is the most important character in the novel. 
Old Mr. Darcy: Deceased father of Darcy. He was married to Lady Anne FitzWilliam, the daughter of an earl surnamed FitzWilliam.
Jane Bennet: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet's oldest daughter, about twenty-two. She is blessed with beauty and a sweet disposition. She suffers great disappointment when the man she loves--a genial and handsome bachelor, Charles Bingley, who is well endowed with money and property--one day severs all connections with her.
Charles Bingley: Wealthy young bachelor attracted to Jane Bennet. While sojourning near the Bennet home, he develops a promising relationship with Jane, then abruptly ends it and takes up residence in London. 
Lydia Bennet: Outspoken, irresponsible daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. She is an incessant talker who is "untamed, unabashed, wild, noisy, and fearless" (Chapter 51). Lydia, described in Chapter 29 by Elizabeth as "not sixteen," is enthralled with the young military officers stationed at Meryton and eventually runs away with one of them. 
George Wickham: Handsome, charming lady-killer who deceives Elizabeth into believing that Darcy cheated him out of an inheritance. After he joins the military at Meryton, he attracts the attentions of Lydia, and they run off and live together. To prevent a scandal that would ruin the Bennet name, Darcy tracks them down and makes a financial arrangement with Wickham that requires him to marry Lydia.
Mary Bennet, Catherine (Kitty) Bennet: Daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. They are the only Bennet siblings who remain unmarried at the end of the novel.
Caroline Bingley, Mrs. Louisa Bingley Hurst: Snobbish sisters of Charles Bingley. They look down upon the Bennets and belittle Jane and Elizabeth in the eyes of Charles Bingley and Darcy. 
Mr. Hurst: Husband of Louisa Bingley Hurst.
Colonel FitzWilliam Darcy: Affable thirty-year-old cousin of the aforementioned FitzWilliam Darcy. He and Darcy share the name of their grandfather, an earl. 
Edward Gardiner: Brother of Mrs. Bennet. Unlike her, he exhibits refinement and good judgment. 
Mrs. Gardiner: Edward Gardiner's elegant wife, who is a favorite of the Bennet girls. When Jane Bennet visits London, she stays with the Gardiners.
Mrs. Phillips: Sister of Mrs. Bennet. Lydia and the other Bennet girls visit her often at her home in Meryton. She provides them the latest news of the area, especially when it concerns the officers of the militia regiment stationed in the town.
Mr. Phillips: Husband of Mrs. Phillips. He took over the law office of the deceased father of Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Phillips.
Lady Catherine de Bourgh: Officious, arrogant aunt of the Darcy cousins and widow of Sir Lewis de Bourgh. She is mistress of a lavish estate, Rosings Park, in Kent. Lady Catherine attempts to control the lives of others and succeeds in turning Mr. Collins into her lackey. Elizabeth Bennet rebuffs her when she attempts to make Elizabeth sever her relationship with Darcy (of Pemberley). 
Anne de Bourgh: Daughter of Lady Catherine.
The Rev. Mr. Collins: Pompous, long-winded but harmless distant cousin of Mr. Bennet. The twenty-five-year-old Collins, who is in line to inherit the Bennet property, proposes to Elizabeth. After she turns him down, he marries Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas. Thanks to the sponsorship of Lady Catherine, to whom he kowtows, he receives a parsonage and a good income. 
Georgiana Darcy: Sixteen-year-old sister of Darcy (of Pemberley).
Sir William and Lady Lucas: Good friends of the Bennets.
Charlotte Lucas: Twenty-seven-year-old daughter of Sir William and Lady Lucas. She is Elizabeth's best friend. A practical young lady, she marries the well-placed Colllins.
Maria Lucas: Daughter of Sir William and Lady Lucas.
Mrs. Long: Neighbor of  Mrs. Bennet. Mrs. Bennet both vilifies and praises her, depending on whether she acts against or in accord with Mrs. Bennet's wishes.
Nieces of Mrs. Long: Young ladies whom Mrs. Bennet regards as rivals to her own daughters in their attempts to win the attentions of young bachelors.
Colonel Forster: A commander in the militia regiment at Meryton.
Harriet Forster: Young wife of Colonel Forster. In temperament, she is not unlike Lydia Bennet, and the two young ladies become good friends.
Mr. Denny: Member of the militia regiment at Meryton and an acquaintance of Wickham and the Bennet girls. 
Mr. Chamberlayne: Member of the militia regiment at Meryton and an acquaintance of Lydia Bennet.
Captain Carter: Member of the militia regiment at Meryton. Lydia Bennet is attracted to him before she turns her attention to George Wickham. 
Mr. Pratt: Member of the militia regiment at Meryton.
Mrs. Hill: The Bennets' housekeeper.
Mrs. Reynolds: Housekeeper at Pemberley.
Mrs. Jenkinson: Companion of Lady Catherine's daughter, Anne.
Nieces of Mrs. Jenkison: Young ladies for whom Lady Catherine finds a governess.
Mr. Jones: Apothecary who treats Jane Bennet when she becomes ill at Netherfield Park.
Mary King: Wealthy young lady at one time wooed by Wickham.
Dawson: Lady Catherine's maid.
Miss Grantley: Acquaintance spoken of by Caroline Bingley.
Lady Metcalf: Acquaintance of Lady Catherine. 
Mr. Morris: Owner of Netherfield Park, which he rents to Charles Bingley.
Miss Pope: Governess whom Lady Catherine found for the home of Lady Metcalf.
Mr. Nicholls: Charles Bingley's cook at Netherfield Park.
Mrs. Nicholls: Wife of Charles Bingley. She reports to Mrs. Phillips news of Bingley's return to Netherfield Park. Mrs. Phillips, in turn, tells her sister, Mrs. Bennet, the news.
Haggerston: Attorney retained by Edward Gardiner to handle legal matters involving Lydia Bennet and George Wickham.
Mr. and Mrs. William Goulding: Neighbors of the Bennets.
John: Servant at the Collins parsonage.
John: Servant at the Gardiner home. 
Mr. Robinson: Man at the Meryton ball who asks Charles Bingley which young lady he believes to be the prettiest in the room.
Mr. Stone: London business acquaintance of Mr. Gardiner.
Richard: Servant of Mr. and Mrs. Phillips.



Plot Summary
.......The time is a September day in 1811. The place is the Bennet home, Longbourn, in the county of Hertfordshire, England. Mrs. Bennet has just learned from a neighbor, Mrs. Long, that a wealthy young man from northern England has rented a nearby estate, Netherfield Park, from Mr. Morris. The new owner, Charles Bingley, is to move in by the end of the month. The development excites Mrs. Bennet, for she believes it presents a marriage opportunity for one of her five daughters.
.......“[Y]ou must visit him as soon as he comes,” she tells her husband, noting that Sir William and Lady Lucas plan to visit Bingley on behalf of their own progeny. 
.......Mr. Bennet resists the idea but says he is willing to write a note to Bingley that will include words of praise for his daughter Elizabeth. When Mrs. Bennet objects to singling her out, Mr. Bennet says the other girls “are all silly and ignorant . . . but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters.” Mrs. Bennet further prods her husband to agree to visit the young man, to no avail.
.......In the end, after Bingley arrives, Mr. Bennet does call upon him one morning, but he does not tell his wife and daughters of the visit until the evening. He likes to surprise them. At the time, Elizabeth is trimming a hat, and her father says he hopes Mr. Bingley will like it. Mrs. Bennet then complains that they will have no way of knowing what Mr. Bingley thinks, since they will not be visiting him. When Lizzy says Mrs. Long has promised to introduce the girls at a social affair,” Mrs. Bennet says, "I do not believe Mrs. Long will do any such thing. She has two nieces of her own. She is a selfish, hypocritical woman, and I have no opinion of her."
.......Mr. Bennet then announces that he visited Bingley that morning, a revelation that delights his wife and daughters. 
.......“What an excellent father you have, girls,” Mrs. Bennet says. 
.......In the next several days, Mr. Bennet keeps his wife and daughters in suspense about the appearance and demeanor of Bingley, so the women turn to Lady Lucas for the details: Bingley is quite handsome and pleasant. Moreover, he and a number of his London friends will be attending the next ball in Meryton, a town about a mile from Longbourn. 
.......On the evening of the ball, Bingley arrives with four others: his unmarried sister, Caroline; his married sister, Louisa Bingley Hurst, and her husband; and a young man named FitzWilliam Darcy, who attracts the most attention. He is tall and handsome and of noble bearing. Moreover, he has a large estate in Derbyshire and an income of ten thousand pounds a year! 
.......But the favorable impression he makes early in the evening wears away after he reveals himself as proud; his manner indicates that he believes himself superior to the natives of the region. Only twice does he dance, once with Mrs. Hurst and once with Bingley's sister, and he refuses to make himself available for introductions to other ladies. On one occasion, he is standing near enough to Elizabeth Bennet for her to hear him and Bingley conversing. When Bingley suggests that he dance with Elizabeth, he replies, “She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. . . .” Mrs. Bennet is particulary upset that he snubs her daughters. All in all, the general view is that he is the most obnoxious man in the world. Bingley, on the other hand, is likable; he dances twice with Elizabeth's sister, Jane, which pleases her and her mother immensely. She is the only young lady in the room to receive such a double compliment. Disappointed when the ball ends, Bingley declares that he will be holding a ball himself. 
.......Later, at the Bennet home, Elizabeth tells her sister that it was no wonder Bingley chose to dance twice with her, for she was much the prettiest girl in the room. 
.......“I give you leave to like him,” Elizabeth says.
Elizabeth Wary of the Bingley Sisters
.......Elizabeth adds, however, that the manners of Bingley's sisters were not as commendable as his, although Jane—who tends to speak well of everyone—says she admires Bingley's sisters and notes that the unmarried one will be living with him. Elizabeth, a more astute judge of character than Jane, has correctly assessed Bingley's sisters as, in the words of the narrator, “proud and conceited.” They believe their wealth, education, high social standing, and good looks set them apart. 
.......Bingley and Darcy, good friends in spite of their marked differences in personality, also review the evening's events. Bingley praises the people he met for their openness and easygoing manner, and he thinks Jane is angelic. Darcy says the young women were lacking in fashion and beauty, although he acknowledges that Jane was attractive.
.......In the morning, the daughters of Sir William and Lady Lucas visit the Bennet home to discuss the dance. Twenty-seven-year old Charlotte tells Mrs. Bennet and her daughters of a conversation between Bingley and another guest, Mr. Robinson, in which Bingley said Jane was “beyond a doubt” the prettiest of all the young ladies at the ball. When the conversation turns to Darcy, Charlotte sympathizes with Elizabeth for his snubbing of her. Jane reports that Miss Bingley told her that Darcy tended to remain aloof among strangers but was “remarkably agreeable” among his close friends. 
.......“I wish he had danced with Eliza,” Jane says.
.......When Mrs. Bennet says she hopes Elizabeth never dances with him if an opportunity presents itself, Charlotte observes that his pride is at least somewhat forgivable: “One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything in his favour, should think highly of himself.” 
.......Elizabeth replies, “I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine."
.......Mary Bennet observes that pride differs from vanity: “Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves,” she says, and “vanity to what we would have others think of us."
.......In due time, Miss Bingley and her sister, Mrs. Hurst, visit the Bennet girls at Longbourn. In turn, the Bennets visit the Bingley sisters at Netherfield Park. Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst seem pleased with Jane but little interested in the other Bennets. Elizabeth continues to notice a haughtiness in the manner of Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst, and she attributes their favorable treatment of Jane to their brother's interest in her. Jane, meanwhile, seems to be falling in love with Bingley, whom she sees frequently at social gatherings. However, she is not one to display her feelings in public. Charlotte tells Elizabeth that such reticence in Jane could work against her, observing that Bingley “may never do more than like her, if she does not help him on.” Elizabeth responds that Jane's interest in Bingley is obvious to her. And if it is obvious to her, she says, it must be obvious to Bingley. Elizabeth also notes that Jane does not yet know Bingley well enough to reveal her heart to him. 
.......Meanwhile, Darcy's assessment of Elizabeth as merely “tolerable” has been changing for the better. Whenever they encounter each other in public, her face and her figure become more appealing to him, and the “easy playfulness” of her manners intrigues him. At a gathering at the Lucas home, he listens in on a conversation between Elizabeth and Colonel Forster. Elizabeth tells Charlotte that she thinks Darcy impertinent and later decides to let him know that she noticed his intrusion, saying, “Did you not think, Mr. Darcy, that I expressed myself uncommonly well . . . when I was teasing Colonel Forster to give us a ball at Meryton?”
.......“With great energy,” he says, “but it is always a subject which makes a lady energetic.” 
.......Charlotte interrupts to ask Elizabeth to sing to her own accompaniment at the keyboard. Elizabeth resists at first but then yields. She performs pleasingly, though not expertly, and Mary then plays a concerto and a few Scotch and Irish songs. Several of her sisters and some of the Lucas girls dance with officers.
.......When Sir William tells Darcy “what a charming amusement” it is to see young people dancing, Darcy replies, “[I]t has the advantage also of being in vogue among the less polished societies of the world. Every savage can dance.” Sir William responds good-naturedly and continues the conversation, making small talk. When Elizabeth comes there way, Sir William suggests that Darcy dance with her, saying he cannot refuse to do so when “so much beauty” stands before him. Darcy is about to accept her hand, presented to him by Sir William, when Elizabeth retreats, saying, “I have not the least intention of dancing. I entreat you not to suppose that I moved this way in order to beg for a partner.” Her feistiness only intensifies Darcy's interest in her. 
Visiting Meryton
.......From time to time, the youngest Bennet daughters—Catherine (Kitty) and Lydia—frequently walk to Meryton to visit their aunt, Mrs. Phillips, who is Mrs. Bennet's sister. It was in Meryton that Mrs. Bennet's father practiced law until his death, at which time he bequeathed four thousand pounds to her. His clerk, Mr. Phillips, took over the law office and married Mrs. Bennet's sister. Catherine and Lydia like to visit her because she brings them up to date on the latest town news. Visiting Meryton also gives them an opportunity to make the acquaintance of young officers in a militia regiment stationed in the town. Lydia develops a liking for a certain Captain Carter. 
.......When Mr. Bennet hears them discussing officers, he regards the conversation as silly girl talk. But Mrs. Bennet says, “[I]f a smart young colonel, with five or six thousand a year, should want one of my girls, I shall not say nay to him.” 
.......A servant from Netherfield arrives with a note for Jane from Bingley's sisters. It is an invitation to dine with them while their brother is out dining with Darcy, Hurst, and certain officers. She eagerly accepts the invitation. Because the carriage horses are needed for farm work, Jane rides to Netherfield on horseback. On her way, a storm drenches her in cold rain. At Netherfield, she becomes ill and bedridden. 
.......In the morning, after receiving a note from Jane informing her of what happened, Elizabeth walks to Netherfield Park to be with her, arriving somewhat mud-spattered from traversing puddles. After Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst greet her, they show her to Jane's room. She is feverish. An apothecary comes and declares that she has a very bad cold and must remain in bed. Miss Bingley invites Elizabeth to remain into the next day.
.......At dinner that evening, Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst generally ignore Elizabeth, preferring instead to talk with Darcy. However, Bingley himself is quite attentive to her, making her feel less of an intruder than his sisters do. Mr. Hurst occupies himself mainly with eating and drinking. After dinner, when Elizabeth returns to Jane's room, Bingley's sisters criticize Elizabeth's looks, demeanor, manners, and ability to converse.
.......Mrs. Hurst says, "She has nothing, in short, to recommend her, but being an excellent walker. I shall never forget her appearance this morning. She really looked almost wild."
.......However, Bingley defends her, and Darcy says her eyes “were brightened by the exercise” of her three-mile walk. 
.......The next day, Elizabeth sends a note to her mother, asking her to come to Netherfield to see Jane. Shortly thereafter, Mrs. Bennet arrives with Lydia and Catherine. Although Jane is not seriously ill, Mrs. Bennet rejects Elizabeth's suggestion that they move Jane back to Longbourn. The apothecary agrees with the mother—to her delight. After all, Jane's presence at Netherfield can only enhance her chances of snaring Bingley, Mrs. Bennet thinks. She compliments Bingley on his decision to lease so handsome a residence as Netherfield and expresses the hope that he will not soon leave.
.......Mrs. Bennet continues her little intrigues on behalf of her daughter. Caroline Bingley, meanwhile, begins making a play for Darcy. Darcy, however, remains interested in Elizabeth—not openly, of course—although he still has reservations about her social status.
.......After Jane recovers and life returns to normal for the Bennet family, William Collins, a cousin of Mr. Bennet, arrives at Longbourn from Hunsford, Kent, for a visit. Collins is a recently ordained clergyman of the Church of England and the designated heir of Longbourn. (According to a legal agreement, the Longbourn estate must always pass to a male when the owner dies. Under this agreement, Mr. Bennet inherited Longbourn as a custodian of the property, not the owner. Upon his death, another male is to assume control of the estate. Since Bennet had fathered five daughters but no sons, he is obliged to bequeath the estate to his closest male relative, who happens to be Collins. The practice of reserving an estate for a single heir of a specific line of heirs—called entail in the law—was commonplace in England between the mid-1500s and the late 1800s.) Collins—a tall, heavy-set twenty-five year old—says the purpose of his visit is to assure the family that when the time comes for him to take control of the property he will not turn the daughters out of house and home. But this is not his only purpose; he has a second one—to marry one of the Bennet daughters. 
Receives Position and a Parsonage
.......Collins, though a well-wishing fellow, is a pompous, long-winded boob and, therefore, somewhat amusing for the Bennets to observe. He recently assumed the rectorship of a Hunsford church and has his own parsonage, thanks to the sponsorship of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who resides at an estate, Rosings Park, near the church. 
.......The morning after his arrival, he tells Mrs. Bennet of his desire to marry one of his daughters, who will then become mistress of his parsonage. He has the comely Jane in mind. Although Mrs. Bennet is pleased at the prospect of marrying off a daughter to a clergyman with a good income, she makes it known that Jane is likely to be engaged soon to another man. Collins then sets his sights on Elizabeth. 
.......Later, he talks at length with Mr. Bennet in the study. His boring conversation tires Bennet. So, when all the girls except Mary decide to walk into Meryton, Mr. Bennet suggests that Collins go along. To Bennet's relief, the young man agrees to tag along, and he bores the girls all the way to town. There, the girls start looking for officers, and they do not have to wait long before they encounter one they know, Mr. Denny. He introduces them to a handsome young man, George Wickham, who has signed up with the militia regiment and is to receive a lieutenant's commission. By the by, Bingley and Darcy are riding through town and pull up after they see the Bennets. 
.......Bingley says he was on his way to Longbourn to call upon Jane. Just then, the eyes of Darcy and Wickham meet, and the two men react strangely—as if they already know each other. They greet each other with finger salutes but do not exchange words. A moment later, Bingley and Darcy ride on. The Bennets then visit their aunt, Mrs. Phillips. Collins, Denny, and Wickham accompany them. During the visit, Mrs. Phillips invites everyone to dinner and table games the next day. 
.......After all the guests arrive at the Phillips home, Wickham—who attracts the gaze of the females—sits next to Elizabeth in the drawing room and asks her how long Darcy has been sojourning at Netherfield. 
.......“About a month,” she says. “He is a man of very large property in Derbyshire, I understand.” 
.......Wickham then says he has known Darcy a long time. After Elizabeth tells him that Darcy is not well liked in Hertfordshire because of his obvious pride, Wickham tells her that Darcy's father was “one of the best men that ever breathed” but that Darcy disgraced his memory. Wickham explains that the elder Darcy, his godfather, had designated Wickham as an heir who was to receive a considerable bequest. But because “there was such an informality in the [legal] terms of the bequest,” Wickham says, the younger Darcy challenged the bequest, maintaining that Wickham “had forfeited all claim to it by extravagance, imprudence.” Young Darcy prevailed, and Wickham received nothing even though “I cannot accuse myself of having really done anything to deserve to lose it.” He tells Elizabeth that Darcy despises him because he could not brook the affection that the elder Darcy showed toward Wickham. Elizabeth is appalled. Wickham then reveals that Lady Catherine, the sponsor of Mr. Collins, is Darcy's aunt. He describes her as an overbearing woman. 
Bingley's Ball
.......In the following days, events begin to move quickly, as follows:
.......Bingley holds a ball at which his attentions to Jane suggest—to Mrs. Bennet, at least—that they will soon marry. Meanwhile, out of courtesy, Elizabeth dances with Collins, who sets his sights on Elizabeth as his future wife. Later, she agrees to dance with Darcy but remains cool toward him. 
.......The next day, Collins proposes to Elizabeth but she rejects him, to her mother's dismay and her father's delight. Several days later, Caroline Bingley sends a message to Jane saying that her brother and his guests have abandoned Netherfield Park for London. She also announces shocking news: Bingley intends to marry Darcy's teenage sister, Georgiana. Jane and Elizabeth hold out hope that Miss Bingley deliberately falsified the report out of disdain for the Bennet family. 
.......Collins woos and marries Charlotte Lucas. Elizabeth is disappointed in her friend for accepting him.
.......Shortly thereafter, Mrs. Bennet's brother and sister-in-law—Mr. And Mrs. Gardiner—come to Longbourn for their annual Christmas-season visit. They are pleasant, well-bred folk who get along with the Bennets. Mrs. Gardiner is an “intelligent, elegant woman, and a great favorite with all her Longbourn nieces,” the narrator says. After hearing about Bingley's seeming abandonment of Jane and Jane's great disappointment, Mrs. Gardiner proposes to take her back to London with her for a change of scenery that might revive her spirits. Because she lives in a section of town a good distance from where Bingley stays, she believes an awkward encounter between Jane and Bingley is unlikely. Elizabeth thinks a London visit is an excellent idea.
.......During the week that the Gardiners stay with the Bennets, many visitors call—Mr. and Mrs. Phillips, Sir William and Lady Lucas, and military officers, including Wickham. Mrs. Gardiner cautions Elizabeth not to become too involved with Wickham, saying he has serious financial problems. Elizabeth accepts her counsel and promises to be careful. 
.......Not long after the Gardiners leave with Jane, Collins arrives in Hertfordshire for his marriage to Charlotte Lucas. It is to take place on a Thursday. The day before the ceremony, Charlotte visits Elizabeth and asks her to visit her at her new home, the Hunsford parsonage, in March. Charlotte's father and her sister, Maria, will also be visiting at that time. Elizabeth agrees.
.......In a letter that Jane sends Elizabeth from London, Jane says she has visited Bingley's sister, Caroline, who resides apart from Bingley. Caroline tells Elizabeth that her brother has been well and has been preoccupied with Darcy's sister, Georgiana. More than a month later, Caroline pays a return visit—but not because she wants to be friendly. Rather, she wants to make it known once and for all that Bingley no longer has feelings for Jane. However, her conversation betrays a hidden fear that the opposite may be true.
.......Miss Bingley also indicates, perhaps inadvertently, that her brother is aware of Jane's presence in London. 
.......Meanwhile, at about this time, Elizabeth learns that Wickham has turned his attentions toward a Miss King, who has received a bequest of ten thousand pounds from her grandfather.
.......When March arrives, Elizabeth, Sir William, and Maria depart for the Collins parsonage in Hunsford, Kent, but stop first at the Gardiner residence in London, just twenty-four miles from Longbourn. There, Mrs. Gardiner and Elizabeth further discuss Wickham. Mrs. Gardiner remains suspicious of him; Elizabeth seems little concerned that Wickham is wooing Miss King. 
.......The following day, the three travelers arrive at the parsonage. Over the next several weeks, they accept invitations from Mr. Collins's patron, Lady Catherine, to dine with her and her daughter at Rosings Park. On one occasion—when Darcy and his cousin, FitzWilliam, are also dinner guests—Darcy continues to harbor an interest in Elizabeth, although they are frequently at odds in their conversations. When he and his cousin later visit her and Charlotte at the parsonage, Charlotte begins to wonder whether Darcy is in love with Elizabeth. 
Darcy's Proposal
.......Darcy's cousin seems an amiable chap. During one his conversations with Elizabeth, he tells her that Darcy recently prevented a friend from making a bad match with a young lady. Realizing that he is speaking of Bingley and Jane, Elizabeth becomes furious. Her anger deepens when Darcy comes to the parsonage one day to announce that he wishes to marry her even though she comes from a socially inferior family background. Elizabeth spurns the proposal and repudiates him for interfering in Bingley's relationship with her sister and for apparently maltreating Wickham. 
.......Darcy later delivers a letter to her that explains his behavior. First, he says, upon closely observing Jane and Bingley together, he concluded that she was not truly committed to the relationship. If his assessment was wrong and he caused Jane to suffer, Darcy says, Elizabeth's “resentment has not been unreasonable.” However, he adds, he strongly believes he did the right thing for all concerned. 
.......As to the other matter, Darcy says Wickham's father, “a very respectable man,” had served the elder Darcy with distinction in managing his Pemberley estates. Consequently, old Mr. Darcy helped support young George at school and later at Cambridge. Old Darcy thought highly of George and had hopes that the young man would become a clergyman. Before he died, Mr. Darcy directed his son to continue to assist Wickham if he decided to become a minister. Wickham was to receive one thousand pounds, as well as help in finding a church position. After Mr. Darcy died and Wickham's own father followed him to the grave shortly thereafter, Wickham chose to study law. Nevertheless, Darcy provided him more than he was obliged to--three thousand pounds; in return, Wickham renounced all claims to further assistance. In the next three years, he spent the money, then asked Darcy for more, telling him that he had decided to study for the clergy after all. 
.......“You will hardly blame me,” Darcy says in the letter, “for refusing to comply with this entreaty, or for resisting every repetition to it. His resentment was in proportion to the distress of his circumstances—and he was doubtless as violent in his abuse of me to others as in his reproaches to myself.”
.......The letter also informs Elizabeth that Wickham once contrived to make Darcy's impressionable sister, Georgiana—then only fifteen—fall in love with him. His goals were clear: to elope with the girl, thereby gaining access to her fortune of thirty thousand pounds and at the same time getting even with Darcy. Fortunately, “Georgiana, unable to support the idea of grieving and offending a brother whom she almost looked up to as a father, acknowledged the whole to me.” 
.......In reflecting on the letter, Elizabeth realizes that Darcy is telling the truth: Wickham is a thoroughgoing scoundrel.
.......After Jane and Elizabeth return to Longbourn, Lydia—ever enthralled with the idea of striking up a romance with an officer— accompanies Colonel Forster and his wife to Brighton, to which the Meryton officers have been transferred.
.......Elizabeth then goes on a vacation with the Gardiners. While traveling through Derbyshire, they pass through historic towns and tour beautiful estates. After checking into an inn at Lambton, where Mrs. Gardiner once lived, the latter expresses a desire to see the Darcy estate at Pemberley and its “delightful grounds.” Elizabeth opposes the idea until she learns that Darcy himself is not home. While they tour the vast estate, the housekeeper, Mrs. Reynolds, speaks highly of Darcy and says all his tenants think as much of him as she does. When he will marry is a question, she says, because she does not know of a woman worthy of him. Mrs. Gardiner calls Elizabeth's attention to a picture of Wickham above a mantel. Mrs. Reynolds then recites a bit of his history and notes, “I am afraid he has turned out very wild.”
.......The housekeeper's observations begin to alter Elizabeth's opinion of Darcy and help to confirm the latter's charges against Wickham. 
Darcy Arrives
.......While Elizabeth and the Gardiners are touring the grounds, Darcy arrives earlier than expected. Both he and Elizabeth are embarrassed, and Elizabeth regrets her decision to visit the estate. However, Darcy treats her and everyone else with the greatest civility, and Elizabeth asks herself, “Why is he so altered? From what can it proceed?” 
.......One morning, Darcy and his sister, Georgiana, visit Elizabeth and the Gardiners at the inn. Georgiana—a pleasant, attractive young lady—is extremely shy. After the Darcys arrive, Bingley also shows up. He conducts himself with utmost courtesy. He does not mention Jane specifically; rather, he asks about all of Elizabeth's sisters. Elizabeth thinks his inquiry and his manner suggest that he might remain interested in Jane. As for Darcy, he also comports himself with great cordiality, exhibiting not a hint of the pride or arrogance that Elizabeth previously noted in his manner. 
.......Shortly thereafter, Elizabeth receives word from Jane that Lydia has run off with Wickham. According to Jane, Wickham apparently has no intention of marrying her. Elizabeth and the Gardiners then return to Longbourn, where they learn that Wickham owes large sums as a result of gambling and his prodigal ways. Mr. Bennet and his brother-in-law, Mr. Gardiner, travel to London to look for them. When they find no clues to their whereabouts, Bennet returns to Longbourn. However, he later receives a letter from Gardiner stating that Lydia and Wickham have turned up. Wickham says he is willing to marry Lydia if Mr. Bennet assures him that Lydia will share in the money he bequeaths to his family upon his death. Furthermore, Bennet is to provide her an annual income of one hundred pounds. 
.......Mr. Bennet is surprised that Wickham has asked for so little. 
.......“Wickham's a fool if he takes her with a farthing less than ten thousand pounds,” he says. He therefore concludes, as does Elizabeth, that Gardiner must have paid Wickham a considerable sum to entice him to marry Lydia and thus avoid bringing scandal upon her and the rest of the family. Whatever the case, Bennet agrees that Lydia and Wickham should marry. Mrs. Bennet is ecstatic that one of her daughters is going to the altar. 
.......After the wedding, the Bennets learn that it was Darcy who found Lydia and Wickham. He first tried to persuade Lydia to return home. She would not hear of it. He then worked out a financial settlement with Wickham after deciding that he might be redeemable. In fact, Wickham appears to be a changed man when he and Lydia visit Longbourn.
.......Not long after the newlyweds embark on their new life, Darcy and Bingley return to Netherfield Park. In due time, Bingley proposes to Jane, and she accepts. About a week later, Lady Catherine de Bourgh visits Longbourn. As usual, she is haughty and condescending. When she and Elizabeth go for a walk, Lady Catherine says she wishes to put to rest a rumor that Darcy and Elizabeth are to be married. Darcy, she says, is meant for her own daughter, not Elizabeth, and she attempts to get Elizabeth to pledge not to accept a proposal from Darcy, saying that “honour, decorum, prudence, nay, interest” forbid a marriage between them. But Elizabeth refuses to make any such commitment, saying Lady Catherine has no right to interfere in her life.
.......In fact, Darcy does propose to her later after admitting that his proud behavior toward her was wrong and, in addition, that he was wrong about Jane's feelings toward Bingley. For her part, Elizabeth says she had been wrong in prejudging him. She accepts the proposal. 
.......Two more weddings then take place. Darcy and Elizabeth settle down to married life at Pemberley, and Bingley and Jane occupy Netherfield for a year before moving to a new residence near Pemberley. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are pleased that all has ended so well for Elizabeth and Jane. 

Narration

.......Austen presents the novel in third-person point of view, often omniscient, enabling her to reveal the ruminations of the protagonist, Elizabeth, as in the following passages:

They had now entered a beautiful walk by the side of the water, and every step was bringing forward a nobler fall of ground, or a finer reach of the woods to which they were approaching; but it was some time before Elizabeth was sensible of any of it; and, though she answered mechanically to the repeated appeals of her uncle and aunt, and seemed to direct her eyes to such objects as they pointed out, she distinguished no part of the scene. Her thoughts were all fixed on that one spot of Pemberley House, whichever it might be, where Mr. Darcy then was. She longed to know what at the moment was passing in his mind--in what manner he thought of her, and whether, in defiance of everything, she was still dear to him. Perhaps he had been civil only because he felt himself at ease; yet there had been that in his voice which was not like ease. Whether he had felt more of pain or of pleasure in seeing her she could not tell, but he certainly had not seen her with composure. (Chapter 43)

In seeing Bingley, her thoughts naturally flew to her sister; and, oh! how ardently did she long to know whether any of his were directed in a like manner. Sometimes she could fancy that he talked less than on former occasions, and once or twice pleased herself with the notion that, as he looked at her, he was trying to trace a resemblance. But, though this might be imaginary, she could not be deceived as to his behaviour to Miss Darcy, who had been set up as a rival to Jane. No look appeared on either side that spoke particular regard. Nothing occurred between them that could justify the hopes of his sister. On this point she was soon satisfied; and two or three little circumstances occurred ere they parted, which, in her anxious interpretation, denoted a recollection of Jane not untinctured by tenderness, and a wish of saying more that might lead to the mention of her, had he dared. He observed to her, at a moment when the others were talking together, and in a tone which had something of real regret, that it "was a very long time since he had had the pleasure of seeing her;" and, before she could reply, he added, "It is above eight months. We have not met since the 26th of November, when we were all dancing together at Netherfield." (Chapter 34)

The author also frequently reveals the thoughts of other characters. For example, the following sentences from Chapter 2 present the concerns of Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Lucas.

Mrs. Bennet was quite disconcerted. She could not imagine what business he could have in town so soon after his arrival in Hertfordshire; and she began to fear that he might be always flying about from one place to another, and never settled at Netherfield as he ought to be. Lady Lucas quieted her fears a little by starting the idea of his being gone to London only to get a large party for the ball. . . .

However, Austen sometimes keeps secret what a character is thinking in order to heighten suspense and keep the reader turning the page. The following passage demonstrates this approach:

But why Mr. Darcy came so often to the Parsonage, it was more difficult to understand. It could not be for society, as he frequently sat there ten minutes together without opening his lips; and when he did speak, it seemed the effect of necessity rather than of choice--a sacrifice to propriety, not a pleasure to himself. He seldom appeared really animated. Mrs. Collins knew not what to make of him. Colonel Fitzwilliam's occasionally laughing at his stupidity, proved that he was generally different, which her own knowledge of him could not have told her; and as she would liked to have believed this change the effect of love, and the object of that love her friend Eliza, she set herself seriously to work to find it out. She watched him whenever they were atRosings, and whenever he came to Hunsford; but without much success. He certainly looked at her friend a great deal, but the expression of that look was disputable. It was an earnest, steadfast gaze, but she often doubted whether there were much admiration in it, and sometimes it seemed nothing but absence of mind. (Chapter 32)

. .
Themes

Travails of Courtship
.......In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare wrote, "The course of true love never did run smooth" (Lysander, 1. 1. 134). That statement appears to sum up the theme of Pride and Prejudice. True, Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, and Lydia and Wickham all end up in what promise to be happy marriages. But they all had to overcome formidable obstacles to get to the altar. 
Pride and Prejudice
.......Darcy exhibits undue pride at the beginning of the novel, believing he is superior to the Hertfordshire denizens, while Elizabeth exhibits prejudice, believing she correctly judges Darcy's character. But because she lacks substantial information about his background, she actually prejudges him. However, both later realize and acknowledge their shortcomings, preparing the way for their reconciliation and marriage.
Snobbery
.......Darcy, Lady Catherine, and Bingley's sisters all exhibit hauteur in the company of people they believe are inferior in terms of breeding, social status, education, and wealth. Only Darcy reforms his ways; the others remain insufferably arrogant. 
Misplaced Values
.......Lady Catherine, Bingley's sisters, and other characters measure others according to their rank, money, property, and social connections rather than their integrity, compassion, humility, and other qualities. 
Know Thyself
.......Pride and Prejudice devotes considerable attention to self-discovery. The ancient Greeks so valued self-knowledge that they inscribed the words "Know Thyself" at the entrance to one of their most sacred shrines, the Temple of the oracle at Delphi. At the beginning of the novel, both Elizabeth and Darcy are ignorant of their own shortcomings. Elizabeth readily perceives the faults of others but fails to perceive a serious character flaw in herself: her tendency to prejudge others, notably Darcy. Likewise, Darcy quickly recognizes the deficiencies of the people he meets but overlooks a considerable defect in himself: great pride. As the novel progresses, however, Elizabeth and Darcy begin to discover their own imperfections and eventually acknowledge and apologize for them. Knowing themselves, they realize, enables them to root out the pride and prejudice that has stood between them and then prepare the way for their life together. 
Individualism
.......Elizabeth refuses to conform to the expectations of society. She tramps through mud to visit her ailing sister, no doubt well aware that her less-than-ladylike appearance will invite criticism. She refuses a proposal of marriage from Mr. Collins, who has a parsonage, an income, and the favor of Lady Catherine. And, as the pièce de résistance, she refuses the first proposal of marriage from the august Darcy—the handsome master of a vast estate. In all of her decisions, she acts on principle, eschewing the dictates of custom and society in favor of what her conscience tells her to do. 
Reputation
.......In Pride and Prejudice, members of the upper classes generally wish to maintain their reputations as wealthy, cultured, and powerful citizens of the realm. Members of the middle classes, such as Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Collins, generally wish to enhance their reputations by linking their destinies with the high and mighty. Lydia Bennet threatens the aspirations of both upper and middle-class characters when she runs off with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock. Her scandalous behavior threatens to ruin the reputation of the entire Bennet family and destroy her sisters' chances of marrying a respectable young man. Darcy comes to the rescue, of course, providing the wherewithal for Lydia and Wickham to marry. One may fairly wonder, though, whether Darcy acts out of goodwill or whether he wishes to purify a family into which he plans to marry. 
Climax
.......The climax of a novel or another literary work, such as a short story or a play, can be defined as (1) the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as (2) the final and most exciting event in a series of events. According to the first definition, the climax of Pride and Prejudice occurs the moment that Elizabeth begins to alter her negative opinion of Darcy. This moment occurs when Elizabeth reevaluates Darcy's character while perusing his letter (Chapter 36). According to second definition, the climax occurs when Darcy and Elizabeth admit their faults to each other (Chapter 58) and acknowledge their feelings for each other, preparing the way for their engagement and eventual marriage.

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Austin's Writing
.......Austen writes lively and lucid prose. The vocabulary is relatively simple, and there are few, if any, obscure allusions. Chapters are short, and the author intersperses narrative and descriptive passages with dialogue to avoid the monotony of long blocks of type.
.......Although Austen frequently describes a character directly—as tall or haughty, for example—she just as frequently delineates him (or her) through what he says, what he does, or what he thinks. For example, we know that Mr. Collins is a sycophant because of his groveling praise of Lady Catherine. And we know that Caroline Bingley is a bumptious snob because of her unfair criticism of the Bennet girls. 
.......In satirizing the English society of her time, Austin sometimes uses caricature. Collins, Lady Catherine, Caroline Bingley, and Mrs. Bennet are all cartoonish figures who had their real-life English counterparts in churches, in the drawings rooms of great estates, and in parlors of modest homes with mothers contriving to append their daughters to wealthy bachelors. The author draws her caricatures skillfully so that they act and sound—albeit with a goodly modicum of exaggeration—like people we know, people we love to laugh at, or people we love to despise. 
Darcy's "Dual Personality"
.......At the Meryton dance in Chapter 2, Darcy seems incurably arrogant, every bit as toplofty as Lady Catherine in later chapters. But in Chapter 43, his housekeeper characterizes him as almost saintly, saying he has been a perfect gentlemen since childhood. What accounts for his "dual personality"? Before attempting to answer that question, let us first consider key passages in both chapters, the first attesting to Darcy's arrogance and the second attesting to his seeming impeccability.
Chapter 2
A conversation between Darcy and Bingley when the latter coaxes him to dance with one of the young ladies:

......."I certainly shall not. You know how I detest it, unless I am particularly acquainted with my partner. At such an assembly as this it would be insupportable. Your sisters are engaged, and there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with."
......."I would not be so fastidious as you are," cried Mr. Bingley, "for a kingdom! Upon my honour, I never met with so many pleasant girls in my life as I have this evening; and there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty."
......."You are dancing with the only handsome girl in the room," said Mr.Darcy, looking at the eldest Miss Bennet.
......."Oh! She is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her sisters sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you."
......."Which do you mean?" and turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said: "She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me."

Chapter 43

A conversation at Pemberley in which Mr. Gardiner asks the housekeeper, Mrs. Reynolds, about Darcy.

......."If your master would marry, you might see more of him."
......."Yes, sir; but I do not know when that will be. I do not know who is good enough for him."
.......Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner smiled. Elizabeth could not help saying, "It is very much to his credit, I am sure, that you should think so."
......."I say no more than the truth, and everybody will say that knows him," replied the other. Elizabeth thought this was going pretty far; and she listened with increasing astonishment as the housekeeper added, "I have never known a cross word from him in my life, and I have known him ever since he was four years old."

.......If what Mrs. Reynolds says is true—that Darcy never uttered a “cross word” since his childhood—what accounts for his abominable behavior at Meryton? Is he a Jekyll and Hyde? In a sense, perhaps. When Austen wrote the novel, England and other European countries were nervous about the outcome of the French Revolution. In that landmark historical event, the common people overthrew the monarchy and the established social order. Consequently, the upper classes lost their inherited titles and privileges; sometimes they lost their heads to the guillotine. Meanwhile, the English upper classes feared that revolutionary fervor would cross the channel and upset the social order there. As a result, many of the entrenched aristocrats became highly protective of their privileges and domains and looked with suspicion and disdain upon those beneath them in the social structure. Darcy's arrogance thus may well have been a conscious or unconscious expression of the prevailing attitude of long-standing aristocrats toward anyone who would invade their ranks—socially, militarily, or otherwise. In other words, in Meryton he may have viewed the gathered provincial folk as a potentially threatening group. Elizabeth, of course, was part of this group. Later, however, he began to view her as an individual--as he had always viewed Mrs. Reynolds and the others at Pemberley. 

Unfair Treatment of Women

.......Unfair treatment of women is an issue in Pride and Prejudice. At the time that the novel was written, it was not uncommon in England for a property owner to will his real estate to a male heir with the condition that the heirs of succeeding generations also had to be male. If, in these succeeding generations, the current custodian of the estate had no sons (like Mr. Bennet in Pride and Prejudice), he had to bequeath the property to his nearest male relative (Mr. Collins, in Pride and Prejudice) even if he had at least one daughter. 
.......This unfair practice was used at a time when society generally refused to allow women to become lawyers, physicians, bankers, architects, and so on. Consequently, the only way for many young women to prosper was to marry an affluent bachelor. This situation partly explains why Mrs. Bennet and other mothers, as well as marriageable young ladies, are preoccupied with discovering well-to-do bachelors, such as Darcy. Consider the attention he receives when he enters the dance at Meryton: "Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike . . . but his friend Mr. Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year."

Type of Work and Publication Year

.......Percy Bysshe Shelley's "To a Skylark" is a lyric poem centering on the beauty of the song of a high-flying skylark. Shelley's wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851), wrote in her notes that her husband composed the poem in Italy. "It was on a beautiful summer evening," she said, "while wandering among the lanes, whose myrtle hedges were the bowers of the butterflies, that we heard the carolling of the skylark. . ." (883). The poem was included in Prometheus Unbound With Other Poems, published in London in 1820.